oracle中的集合运算

 /*
SQL> 查询10和20号部门的员工
SQL> 1. select * from emp where deptno=10 or deptno=20;
SQL> 2. select * from emp where deptno in (10,20);
SQL> 3. 集合运算
SQL>     select * from emp where deptno=10
SQL>       加上
SQL>     select * from emp where deptno=20
 */

    --select语句相加减，通过集合运算的方式
SQL> select * from emp where deptno=10
  2  union
  3  select * from emp where deptno=20;

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO                                                                                                              
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------                                                                                                              
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800                    20                                                                                                              
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20                                                                                                              
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-6月 -81           2450                    10                                                                                                              
      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-4月 -87           3000                    20                                                                                                              
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-11月-81           5000                    10                                                                                                              
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-5月 -87           1100                    20                                                                                                              
      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-12月-81           3000                    20                                                                                                              
      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-1月 -82           1300                    10                                                                                                              

已选择 8 行。

SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by rollup(deptno,job);

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 CLERK           1300                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 MANAGER         2450                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 PRESIDENT       5000                                                                                                                                                                         
        10                 8750                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 CLERK           1900                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 ANALYST         6000                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 MANAGER         2975                                                                                                                                                                         
        20                10875                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 CLERK            950                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 MANAGER         2850                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 SALESMAN        5600                                                                                                                                                                         

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        30                 9400                                                                                                                                                                         
                          29025                                                                                                                                                                         

已选择 13 行。

SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno,job
  2   union
  3   select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
  4   union
  5   select sum(sal) from emp;
 select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
 *
第 3 行出现错误: 
ORA-01789: 查询块具有不正确的结果列数 


SQL> /*
SQL> 注意的问题：
SQL> 1、参与运算的各个集合必须列数相同且类型一致 ，如果列不一样可以使用加列的方式to_char(null)
SQL> 2、采用第一个集合作为最后生成的表头
SQL> 3、order by永远在最后
SQL> 4、括号改变执行的顺序
SQL> */
SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno,job
  2   union
  3   select deptno,to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
  4   union
  5   select to_number(null),to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp;

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 CLERK           1300                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 MANAGER         2450                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 PRESIDENT       5000                                                                                                                                                                         
        10                 8750                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 ANALYST         6000                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 CLERK           1900                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 MANAGER         2975                                                                                                                                                                         
        20                10875                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 CLERK            950                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 MANAGER         2850                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 SALESMAN        5600                                                                                                                                                                         

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        30                 9400                                                                                                                                                                         
                          29025                                                                                                                                                                         

已选择 13 行。

SQL> --break on deptno skip 2
SQL> host cls







SQL> --SQL 执行的时间
SQL> 
SQL> set timing on
SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by rollup(deptno,job);

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 CLERK           1300                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 MANAGER         2450                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 PRESIDENT       5000                                                                                                                                                                         
        10                 8750                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 CLERK           1900                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 ANALYST         6000                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 MANAGER         2975                                                                                                                                                                         
        20                10875                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 CLERK            950                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 MANAGER         2850                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 SALESMAN        5600                                                                                                                                                                         

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        30                 9400                                                                                                                                                                         
                          29025                                                                                                                                                                         

已选择 13 行。

已用时间:  00: 00: 00.01
SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno,job
  2   union
  3   select deptno,to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
  4   union
  5   select to_number(null),to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp;

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 CLERK           1300                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 MANAGER         2450                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 PRESIDENT       5000                                                                                                                                                                         
        10                 8750                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 ANALYST         6000                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 CLERK           1900                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 MANAGER         2975                                                                                                                                                                         
        20                10875                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 CLERK            950                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 MANAGER         2850                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 SALESMAN        5600                                                                                                                                                                         

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        30                 9400                                                                                                                                                                         
                          29025                                                                                                                                                                         

已选择 13 行。

已用时间:  00: 00: 00.01
SQL>  select deptno,job,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno,job
  2   union
  3   select deptno,to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
  4   union
  5   select to_number(null),to_char(null),sum(sal) from emp;

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 CLERK           1300                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 MANAGER         2450                                                                                                                                                                         
        10 PRESIDENT       5000                                                                                                                                                                         
        10                 8750                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 ANALYST         6000                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 CLERK           1900                                                                                                                                                                         
        20 MANAGER         2975                                                                                                                                                                         
        20                10875                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 CLERK            950                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 MANAGER         2850                                                                                                                                                                         
        30 SALESMAN        5600                                                                                                                                                                         

    DEPTNO JOB         SUM(SAL)                                                                                                                                                                         
---------- --------- ----------                                                                                                                                                                         
        30                 9400                                                                                                                                                                         
                          29025                                                                                                                                                                         

已选择 13 行。

已用时间:  00: 00: 00.03
SQL> --SQL优化 4、 尽量不要使用集合运算
SQL> set timing off
SQL> spool off


--交集的关键字INTERSECT
--差集的关键字minus