Git学习心得

本文参考：https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0013739516305929606dd18361248578c67b8067c8c017b000

安装好git配置全局的环境：
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "email@example.com"


初始化本地git仓库：
======================================================
$ git init
初始化空的 Git 仓库于 /home/champly/learngit/.git/
======================================================


创建一个readme.txt文件：
vim readme.txt =>
Git is a version control system.
Git is free software.


1、把文件添加到仓库：
======================================================
$ git add readme.txt
======================================================


2、把文件提交到仓库：
======================================================
$ git commit -m "wrote a readme file"                 
[master （根提交） be5acd4] wrote a readme file
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 readme.txt
======================================================
-m: 本次提交的说明
说明：commit可以一次提交很多文件，可以多次add，一次commit


查看现在的git工作区状态：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
无文件要提交，干净的工作区
======================================================


修改readme.txt文件，之后执行git status：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
尚未暂存以备提交的变更：
  （使用 "git add <文件>..." 更新要提交的内容）
  （使用 "git checkout -- <文件>..." 丢弃工作区的改动）


修改：     readme.txt


修改尚未加入提交（使用 "git add" 和/或 "git commit -a"）
======================================================


查看修改的具体内容，git diff：
======================================================
diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
index 46d49bf..05e6349 100644
--- a/readme.txt
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 Git is a version control system.
 Git is free software.
+Git is a distributed version control system.
(END)
======================================================


再次git add readme.txt之后查看git状态：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
要提交的变更：
  （使用 "git reset HEAD <文件>..." 以取消暂存）


修改：     readme.txt


======================================================


再次提交到仓库：
======================================================
$ git commit -m "add distributed"
[master 72eac27] add distributed
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
======================================================


git log查看历史记录：
======================================================
commit 831e12e0807a7824ee05967b691aa9532726df24
Author: ChamPly <champly@outlook.com>
Date:   Fri Aug 18 14:45:43 2017 +0800


    version 3


commit 72eac27770531f96b717fce93349f8e93c7e67b8
Author: ChamPly <champly@outlook.com>
Date:   Fri Aug 18 14:42:45 2017 +0800


    add distributed


commit be5acd46cfbcb7d50a1a6d248cde553f53515e68
Author: ChamPly <champly@outlook.com>
Date:   Fri Aug 18 14:06:05 2017 +0800


    wrote a readme file
(END)
======================================================


git log --pretty=oneline简化历史记录输出信息：
======================================================
831e12e0807a7824ee05967b691aa9532726df24 version 3
72eac27770531f96b717fce93349f8e93c7e67b8 add distributed
be5acd46cfbcb7d50a1a6d248cde553f53515e68 wrote a readme file
(END)
======================================================




退回"add distributed"版本的内容：
======================================================
$ git reset --hard 72eac27770531f96b717fce93349f8e93c7e67b8
HEAD 现在位于 72eac27 add distributed
======================================================
git log:
======================================================
commit 72eac27770531f96b717fce93349f8e93c7e67b8
Author: ChamPly <champly@outlook.com>
Date:   Fri Aug 18 14:42:45 2017 +0800


    add distributed


commit be5acd46cfbcb7d50a1a6d248cde553f53515e68
Author: ChamPly <champly@outlook.com>
Date:   Fri Aug 18 14:06:05 2017 +0800


    wrote a readme file
======================================================


退回到上一个版本，hard后面可以只输入一部分：
======================================================
# champly @ champly in ~/learngit on git:master o [15:25:43] 
$ git reset --hard 831e
HEAD 现在位于 831e12e version 3


# champly @ champly in ~/learngit on git:master o [15:26:19] 
$ cat readme.txt 
Git is a version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git is a distributed version control system.
======================================================


查看git的日志：git reflog：
======================================================
831e12e HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 831e
72eac27 HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to 72eac27770531f96b717fce93349f8e93c7e67b8
831e12e HEAD@{2}: commit: version 3
72eac27 HEAD@{3}: commit: add distributed
be5acd4 HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): wrote a readme file
(END)
======================================================


git log 查看提交历史
git reflog 查看命令历史


git add 把文件添加进去，实际上就是把文件修改添加到暂存区
git commit 提交更改，实际上就是把暂存的所有内容提交到当前分支


修改readme.txt文件，添加一个新文件license，然后执行git status：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
尚未暂存以备提交的变更：
  （使用 "git add <文件>..." 更新要提交的内容）
  （使用 "git checkout -- <文件>..." 丢弃工作区的改动）


修改：     readme.txt


未跟踪的文件:
  （使用 "git add <文件>..." 以包含要提交的内容）


license


修改尚未加入提交（使用 "git add" 和/或 "git commit -a"）
======================================================


git checkout --filename，可以丢弃工作区的修改
一种是自然修改后没有被放到暂存去，现在，撤销修改就是回到和版本库一模一样的状态；
一种是已经添加到暂存区后，又作了修改，现在，撤销修改就回到添加到暂存区后的状态。
总之，就是让这个文件回到最近一次git commit或git add时的状态。


删除一个文件，然后git status：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
尚未暂存以备提交的变更：
  （使用 "git add/rm <文件>..." 更新要提交的内容）
  （使用 "git checkout -- <文件>..." 丢弃工作区的改动）


删除：     test.txt
======================================================
使用 git rm test.txt:
======================================================
$ git rm test.txt
rm 'test.txt'
======================================================
然后 git status：
======================================================
$ git status
位于分支 master
要提交的变更：
  （使用 "git reset HEAD <文件>..." 以取消暂存）


删除：     test.txt
======================================================
要使用git commit才能提交删除




远程仓库（github.com）：
将本地仓库和github仓库关联起来
git remote add origin git@github.com:accountName/learngit.git
把本地仓库的内容推送到远程
(git pull origin master --allow-unrelated-histories 如果本地和远程分支不一样的话加上这个)
git push -u origin master
加上-u会把本地master分支内容推送到远程新的master分支，还会把本地的master分支和远程的master分支关联起来，
以后使用：git push origin master:
======================================================
$ git push -u origin master
Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '192.30.255.113' to the list of known hosts.
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 259 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:champly/learngit.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master
Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.
======================================================
就可以把本地最新的master分支推送到github上面
总结：
关联远程仓库：git remote add origin git@server-name:path/repo-name.git
第一次推送master分支所有内容:git push -u origin master
以后修改：git push origin master




从远程仓库获取代码：
git clone git@github.com:accountName/learngit.git:
======================================================
$ git clone git@github.com:ChamPly/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (3/3), done.
======================================================
git支持多种协议，包括https，ssh，但是通过ssh支持原生git协议速度最快




git创建分支，git checkout -b:
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master o [21:53:31]
$ git checkout -b develop
Switched to a new branch 'develop'


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop o [21:54:58]
$
======================================================
git checkout 加上-b表示创建并切换，相当于：
git branch develop
git checkout develop


git branch 查看当前分支：
======================================================
$ git branch
* develop
  master
======================================================


git merge develop把develop分之合并到master:
======================================================
$ git merge develop
Updating da671bb..f487454
Fast-forward
 readme.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
======================================================


git branch -d develop,删除develop分之：
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master o [22:00:39]
$ git branch -d develop
Deleted branch develop (was f487454).


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master o [22:01:10]
$ git branch
* master
======================================================
因为创建，合并分支非常快，所以git鼓励你使用分支完成某个任务，合并分支后再删掉，这和志杰在master分支上工作效果是一样段，但过程更安全。
总结：
git branch 查看分支
git branch name 创建分支
git checkout name 切换分支
git checkout -b name 创建+切换分支
git merge name 合并某分支到当前分支
git branch -d name 删除分支


创建一个feature分支，修改readme.txt，提交，切换master，修改readme.txt提交：
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:feature x [22:10:41]
$ git commit -m "change simple"
[feature 5bd589f] change simple
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:feature o [22:10:54]
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master o [22:11:07]
$ vim readme.txt


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master x [22:11:27]
$


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master x [22:11:27]
$ git add readme.txt


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master x [22:11:33]
$ git commit -m "blank end"
[master ac63ece] blank end
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
======================================================


然后合并，产生冲突：
======================================================
$ git merge feature










Auto-merging readme.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
======================================================


查看git status：
======================================================
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)


Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)


both modified:   readme.txt


no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$ cat readme.txt
Git is a free software
<<<<<<< HEAD
Creating a new branch is quick and simple .
=======
Creating a news branch is  quick and simple.
>>>>>>> feature
======================================================


修改之后在提交,然后看看修改分支的情况：
======================================================
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
*   6aa11ea conflict fixed
|\
| * 5bd589f change simple
* | ac63ece blank end
|/
* 1e98fab and simple
* f487454 branch
* da671bb add readme file
(END)
======================================================
git log --graph 可以看到分支合并图
git merge --no-ff -m "commit content" name:使用普通模式合并分支




修复bug，创建分支，保存当前修改内容：
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:26:29]
$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on develop: 6aa11ea conflict fixed
HEAD is now at 6aa11ea conflict fixed


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop o [22:26:33]
$ git status
On branch develop
nothing to commit, working tree clean


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop o [22:26:49]
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 5 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master o [22:27:50] C:129
$ git checkout -b issue-101
Switched to a new branch 'issue-101'


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:issue-101 x [22:29:23]
$ git checkout master
M readme.txt
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 5 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master x [22:30:31] C:129
$ git merge --no-ff -m "merged bug fix 101" issue-101
Already up-to-date.


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:master x [22:30:40]
$ git checkout develop
M readme.txt
Switched to branch 'develop'


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:31:40]
$ git status
On branch develop
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)


modified:   readme.txt


no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:31:49]
$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on develop: 6aa11ea conflict fixed
(END)


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop o [22:34:14]
$ git stash apply
On branch develop
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)


modified:   readme.txt


no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:34:19]
$ git stash drop
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (011f14fc4edc713c933c526a3808275d17e242b7)
======================================================


工作现场还在，git把stash内容存在某个地方了恢复可以使用git stash apply(恢复) + git stash drop(删除)
另外一种方式就是git stash pop
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:34:43]
$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on develop: 6aa11ea conflict fixed
HEAD is now at 6aa11ea conflict fixed


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop o [22:35:04]
$ git stash pop
On branch develop
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)


modified:   readme.txt


no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (29581d03d69cde7e5407f8fbe260e907ab2896ac)
======================================================
git stash隐藏修改，git stash pop恢复修改




git branch -D name 删除分支，丢弃修改，强行删除




git 查看远程仓库信息：
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:38:04]
$ git remote
origin


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:40:33]
$ git remote -v
origin git@github.com:ChamPly/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:ChamPly/learngit.git (push)
======================================================
如果没有推送权限，就看不到push的地址


从本地推送分支，使用git push origin branch-name，如果推送失败，先用git pull抓取远程的新提交
建立本地分支和远程分支的关联，使用 git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name


git添加标签：
======================================================
# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:42:31]
$ git tag v1.0


# champly @ ChamPlydeMacBook-Pro in ~/src/go/learngit on git:develop x [22:47:57]
$ git tag
v1.0
======================================================
                                                      2017年8月20日
                                                        by:ChamPly