源码之Hashmap(底层原理)

下面简单介绍一下Hashmap的底层原理(jdk 1.8)
1. HashMap的数据结构
数组的特点是：寻址容易，插入和删除困难；
链表的特点是：寻址困难，插入和删除容易。
hashmap把数组和链表合二为一，就是我们所说的哈希表，下面介绍一种常见的哈希表(网上找的图)。

2.数组元素Node<K,V>实现了Entry接口

//Node是单向链表，它实现了Map.Entry接口
static class Node<k,v> implements Map.Entry<k,v> {
    final int hash;
    final K key;
    V value;
    Node<k,v> next;
    //构造函数Hash值 键 值 下一个节点
    Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<k,v> next) {
        this.hash = hash;
        this.key = key;
        this.value = value;
        this.next = next;
    }
 
    public final K getKey()        { return key; }
    public final V getValue()      { return value; }
    public final String toString() { return key + = + value; }
 
    public final int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
    }
 
    public final V setValue(V newValue) {
        V oldValue = value;
        value = newValue;
        return oldValue;
    }
    //判断两个node是否相等,若key和value都相等，返回true。可以与自身比较为true
    public final boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;
        if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
            Map.Entry<!--?,?--> e = (Map.Entry<!--?,?-->)o;
            if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

3.红黑树

//红黑树
static final class TreeNode<k,v> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<k,v> {
    TreeNode<k,v> parent;  // 父节点
    TreeNode<k,v> left; //左子树
    TreeNode<k,v> right;//右子树
    TreeNode<k,v> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
    boolean red;    //颜色属性
    TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<k,v> next) {
        super(hash, key, val, next);
    }
 
    //返回当前节点的根节点
    final TreeNode<k,v> root() {
        for (TreeNode<k,v> r = this, p;;) {
            if ((p = r.parent) == null)
                return r;
            r = p;
        }
    }

4.源码中的数据域
当数组长度>16(默认初始容量)x0.75(加载因子)=12时候，则会扩容

 private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16 默认初始容量
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;//最大容量
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;//填充比
    //当add一个元素到某个位桶，其链表长度达到8时将链表转换为红黑树
    static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
    static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
    static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
    transient Node<k,v>[] table;//存储元素的数组
    transient Set<map.entry<k,v>> entrySet;
    transient int size;//存放元素的个数
    transient int modCount;//被修改的次数fast-fail机制
    int threshold;//临界值 当实际大小(容量*填充比)超过临界值时，会进行扩容 
    final float loadFactor;//填充比

5.HashMap的构造函数

//构造函数1
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
    //指定的初始容量非负
    if (initialCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(Illegal initial capacity:  +
                                           initialCapacity);
    //如果指定的初始容量大于最大容量,置为最大容量
    if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    //填充比为正
    if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(Illegal load factor:  +
                                           loadFactor);
    this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
    this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);//新的扩容临界值
}
 
//构造函数2
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
    this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
 
//构造函数3
public HashMap() {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
 
//构造函数4用m的元素初始化散列映射
public HashMap(Map<!--? extends K, ? extends V--> m) {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
    putMapEntries(m, false);
}

6.HashMap取值

public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
    }
	  /**
     * Implements Map.get and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @return the node, or null if none
     */
	final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab;//Entry对象数组
	Node<K,V> first,e; //在tab数组中经过散列的第一个位置
	int n;
	K k;
	/*找到插入的第一个Node，方法是hash值和n-1相与，tab[(n - 1) & hash]*/
	//也就是说在一条链上的hash值相同的
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
	/*检查第一个Node是不是要找的Node*/
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))//判断条件是hash值要相同，key值要相同
                return first;
	  /*检查first后面的node*/
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
				/*遍历后面的链表，找到key值和hash值都相同的Node*/
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

7.HashMap存值

public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }
	 /**
     * Implements Map.put and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @param value the value to put
     * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
     * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
     * @return previous value, or null if none
     */
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; 
	Node<K,V> p; 
	int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
	/*如果table的在（n-1）&hash的值是空，就新建一个节点插入在该位置*/
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
	/*表示有冲突,开始处理冲突*/
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; 
	    K k;
	/*检查第一个Node，p是不是要找的值*/
            if (p.hash == hash &&((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
		/*指针为空就挂在后面*/
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
		       //如果冲突的节点数已经达到8个，看是否需要改变冲突节点的存储结构，　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　//treeifyBin首先判断当前hashMap的长度，如果不足64，只进行
                        //resize，扩容table，如果达到64，那么将冲突的存储结构为红黑树
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
		/*如果有相同的key值就结束遍历*/
                    if (e.hash == hash &&((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
	/*就是链表上有相同的key值*/
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key，就是key的Value存在
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;//返回存在的Value值
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
     /*如果当前大小大于门限，门限原本是初始容量*0.75*/
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();//扩容两倍
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

8.HasMap的扩容机制(resize)
构造hash表时，如果不指明初始大小，默认大小为16（即Node数组大小16），如果Node[]数组中的元素达到（填充比*Node.length）重新调整HashMap大小 变为原来2倍大小,扩容很耗时

  /**
     * Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in
     * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
     * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
     * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
     * with a power of two offset in the new table.
     *
     * @return the table
     */
    final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
		
	/*如果旧表的长度不是空*/
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
	/*把新表的长度设置为旧表长度的两倍，newCap=2*oldCap*/
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
	      /*把新表的门限设置为旧表门限的两倍，newThr=oldThr*2*/
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
     /*如果旧表的长度的是0，就是说第一次初始化表*/
        else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
		
		
		
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;//新表长度乘以加载因子
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
	/*下面开始构造新表，初始化表中的数据*/
        Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;//把新表赋值给table
        if (oldTab != null) {//原表不是空要把原表中数据移动到新表中	
            /*遍历原来的旧表*/		
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)//说明这个node没有链表直接放在新表的e.hash & (newCap - 1)位置
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
	/*如果e后边有链表,到这里表示e后面带着个单链表，需要遍历单链表，将每个结点重*/
                    else { // preserve order保证顺序
					新计算在新表的位置，并进行搬运
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
						
                        do {
                            next = e.next;//记录下一个结点
			  //新表是旧表的两倍容量，实例上就把单链表拆分为两队，
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　//e.hash&oldCap为偶数一队，e.hash&oldCap为奇数一对
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
						
                        if (loTail != null) {//lo队不为null，放在新表原位置
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {//hi队不为null，放在新表j+oldCap位置
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }