7.1 安装软件包的三种方法
在linux下，安装软件包和Windows下差不多，有三种方法。
1）rpm工具 ->redhat package manager
2）yum工具 ->python开发的管理rpm的工具，可以自动安装依赖
3）源码安装 ->按照开发者的readme文档查看安装说明
7.2 rpm包介绍
为了演示rpm的用法，我们要挂载光盘，使用光盘里的rpm包。
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o ro /dev/cdrom /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
CentOS_BuildTag EFI EULA GPL images isolinux LiveOS Packages repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7 TRANS.TBL我们列出10个包
[root@localhost Packages]# cd /mnt/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# ls | head
389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-16.el7.x86_64.rpm
389-ds-base-libs-1.3.6.1-16.el7.x86_64.rpm
abattis-cantarell-fonts-0.0.25-1.el7.noarch.rpm
abrt-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-kerneloops-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-pstoreoops-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-python-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-vmcore-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
abrt-addon-xorg-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
以上的命名方式为包名+版本号+发布版本号+平台。
对于abrt-addon-kerneloops-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm
包名 abrt-addon-kerneloops
版本号 2.1.11
发布版本号 48.el7.centos
平台 x86_647.3 rpm工具用法
rpm命令可以安装rpm包。
使用-i选项（install）安装，-v（verbose）是显示信息，-h（hash）配合-v更人性化的打印信息。
[root@localhost Packages]# ls zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
升级一个工具，使用-U（update）选项。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 is already installed
卸载一个安装包，只需要知道包名即可，使用-e选项
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh如果没有报错，即卸载成功；如果有错误，说明包被别的工具依赖。
查询已经安装的包使用-q（query）a（all）选项。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa
firewalld-0.4.4.4-6.el7.noarch
grub2-common-2.02-0.64.el7.centos.noarch
grub2-2.02-0.64.el7.centos.x86_64
setup-2.8.71-7.el7.noarch
NetworkManager-team-1.8.0-9.el7.x86_64
basesystem-10.0-7.el7.centos.noarch
......也可以查询某一个包是否被安装
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q ppp
package ppp is not installed
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q systemd
systemd-219-42.el7.x86_64
也可以查询某一个包的详细信息-qi（info）
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi systemd
Name : systemd
Version : 219
Release : 42.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Mon 11 Jun 2018 04:00:10 PM CST
Group : Unspecified
Size : 22001263
License : LGPLv2+ and MIT and GPLv2+
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Fri 11 Aug 2017 04:00:28 AM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : systemd-219-42.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Sat 05 Aug 2017 02:38:39 PM CST
Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd
Summary : A System and Service Manager
Description :
systemd is a system and service manager for Linux, compatible with
SysV and LSB init scripts. systemd provides aggressive parallelization
capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services,
offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using
Linux cgroups, supports snapshotting and restoring of the system
state, maintains mount and automount points and implements an
elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic. It can
work as a drop-in replacement for sysvinit.使用-ql（list）可以查询某个包会安装什么文件在linux上
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ql vim-enhanced
/etc/profile.d/vim.csh
/etc/profile.d/vim.sh
/usr/bin/rvim
/usr/bin/vim
/usr/bin/vimdiff
/usr/bin/vimtutor使用-qf（format）可以根据一个绝对路径查询此文件由哪个包安装。
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vim
vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/ls
coreutils-8.22-18.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/``
filesystem-3.2-21.el7.x86_64
反引号的作用就是将反引号内的Linux命令先执行，然后将执行结果赋予变量。尽管可以通过输入字符或者字符串来创建变量值，也可以获取来自于其他Linux命令的值。为把Linux命令的结果赋予变量，实现需要执行这个命令。如果在命令行上把Linux命令放在反引号中，这个命令会首先被执行，其结果会成为命令行的一个参数。在赋值时，通过把命令放在反引号中，以便于首先执行，命令的执行结果会被赋予一个变量。反引号可以被视为由要执行命令组成的表达式，其结果会被赋予变量。组成命令的字符本身不会被赋予。
[root@localhost Packages]# a=`ls /tmp` [root@localhost Packages]# echo $a d6z systemd-private-79b5a286062e4f01a853a99c7fe3f69b-vgauthd.service-wYmtaQ systemd-private-79b5a286062e4f01a853a99c7fe3f69b-vmtoolsd.service-ye2DL0 xxx [root@localhost Packages]# ls /tmp d6z systemd-private-79b5a286062e4f01a853a99c7fe3f69b-vgauthd.service-wYmtaQ systemd-private-79b5a286062e4f01a853a99c7fe3f69b-vmtoolsd.service-ye2DL0 xxx
7.4 yum工具用法
使用rpm安装一个包的时候 我们需要首先安装依赖包
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh ./texlive-2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64.rpm
error: Failed dependencies:
texlive-scheme-basic is needed by texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64
texlive-collection-latexrecommended is needed by texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64
tex-kpathsea is needed by texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64
tex-tetex is needed by texlive-2:2012-38.20130427_r30134.el7.x86_64
而yum的优势就是帮你自动安装这些依赖包。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install texlive
................
Transaction Summary
=====================================================
Install 1 Package (+248 Dependent packages)
Upgrade ( 1 Dependent package)
Total download size: 123 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: n
Exiting on user command
Your transaction was saved, rerun it with:
yum load-transaction /tmp/yum_save_tx.2018-06-27.02-59.QTteas.yumtx
yum list命令可以列出所有可以安装的包。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum list | head -20
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Installed Packages
GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64 1:1.8.0-9.el7 @anaconda
acl.x86_64 2.2.51-12.el7 @anaconda
aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-6.el7 @anaconda
alsa-firmware.noarch 1.0.28-2.el7 @anaconda
alsa-lib.x86_64 1.1.3-3.el7 @anaconda
alsa-tools-firmware.x86_64 1.1.0-1.el7 @anaconda
audit.x86_64 2.7.6-3.el7 @anaconda
audit-libs.x86_64 2.7.6-3.el7 @anaconda
authconfig.x86_64 6.2.8-30.el7 @anaconda
Exiting on Broken Pipe
左侧是包的名字+一些信息，中间一列是版本号，最后是仓库名。
仓库名是从/etc/yum.repos.d/中来的。
[root@localhost Packages]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
#cat CentOS-Base.repo会出现[base]等仓库名（被[]包括）。
搜索一个包使用yum search命令，不论大小写都能搜到，search搜索的是后面的字符串而不是包名
[root@localhost Packages]# yum search vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
=========================================================================== N/S matched: vim ===========================================================================
protobuf-vim.x86_64 : Vim syntax highlighting for Google Protocol Buffers descriptions
vim-X11.x86_64 : The VIM version of the vi editor for the X Window System
vim-common.x86_64 : The common files needed by any version of the VIM editor
vim-enhanced.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
vim-filesystem.x86_64 : VIM filesystem layout
vim-minimal.x86_64 : A minimal version of the VIM editor
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
想搜索的更精确我们使用yum list + grep形式
[root@localhost Packages]# yum list | grep 'vim'
vim-common.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-enhanced.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-filesystem.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 @base
vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-2.el7 @anaconda
protobuf-vim.x86_64 2.5.0-8.el7 base
vim-X11.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 base
vim-minimal.x86_64 2:7.4.160-4.el7 base 安装一个包使用yum install 命令，相信大家已经不陌生了，-y选项不询问直接安装。
yum grouplist可以列出所有可用的组。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Available Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Compute Node
Infrastructure Server
File and Print Server
Basic Web Server
Virtualization Host
Server with GUI
GNOME Desktop
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
Compatibility Libraries
Console Internet Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Administration Tools
System Management
Done
我们之前安装系统的时候，有很多组的组件是没有安装的，安装完系统后，我们依然可以使用yum查询可以被安装的组和已经被安装的组。
安装组使用命令yum groupinstall
[root@localhost Packages]# yum groupinstall 'Basic Web Server'yum remove命令可以移除一个包，它会列出所有被卸载的包。解决所有的依赖关系。
同样，yum update可以升级一个包。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum update vim
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
No packages marked for update
如果后面没有跟包名，默认升级所有的包，包括内核，系统本身。
最后，yum provides可以查看某个命令的安装包。
[root@localhost Packages]# yum provides "/*/vim"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.163.com
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 1.5 MB 00:00:00
cmake-2.8.12.2-2.el7.x86_64 : Cross-platform make system
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/share/cmake/editors/vim
2:docker-unit-test-1.13.1-53.git774336d.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests
Repo : extras
Matched from:
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/runc-e9c345b3f906d5dc5e8100b05ce37073a811c74a/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-385ec70baac3ef356f868f391c8d7818140fbd44/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/containerd-296f1f80d6c6a83cc625163f863e53d3287328ee/vendor/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
2:docker-unit-test-1.13.1-58.git87f2fab.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests
Repo : extras
Matched from:
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/runc-e9c345b3f906d5dc5e8100b05ce37073a811c74a/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-385ec70baac3ef356f868f391c8d7818140fbd44/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/containerd-296f1f80d6c6a83cc625163f863e53d3287328ee/vendor/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
2:docker-unit-test-1.13.1-63.git94f4240.el7.centos.x86_64 : Automates deployment of containerized applications - for running unit tests
Repo : extras
Matched from:
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/v1.10-migrator-c417a6a022c5023c111662e8280f885f6ac259be/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/runc-e9c345b3f906d5dc5e8100b05ce37073a811c74a/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/docker-novolume-plugin-385ec70baac3ef356f868f391c8d7818140fbd44/Godeps/_workspace/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
Filename : /var/lib/docker-unit-test/containerd-296f1f80d6c6a83cc625163f863e53d3287328ee/vendor/src/github.com/docker/docker/contrib/syntax/vim
git-1.8.3.1-13.el7.x86_64 : Fast Version Control System
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/share/doc/git-1.8.3.1/contrib/vim
git-1.8.3.1-14.el7_5.x86_64 : Fast Version Control System
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/share/doc/git-1.8.3.1/contrib/vim
2:vim-common-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 : The common files needed by any version of the VIM editor
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/share/vim
2:vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/bin/vim
2:vim-enhanced-7.4.160-4.el7.x86_64 : A version of the VIM editor which includes recent enhancements
Repo : @base
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/bin/vim
7.5 yum搭建本地仓库
有时候yum因为不能联网而不能使用，这时候我们可以自己搭建一个本地的仓库。
首先我们挂载镜像到/mnt目录下，你也可以把安装包拷贝到本地的一个目录上去。
然后做一个备份
[root@localhost Packages]# cp -r /etc/yum.repos.d/ /etc/yum.repos.d.bak
[root@localhost Packages]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls ../yum* -d
../yum ../yum.conf ../yum.repos.d ../yum.repos.d.bak
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls ../yum.repos.d.bak/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rm ./* -fr
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim dvd.repo
[dvd]
name=install dvd
baseurl=file:///mnt
enable=1
gpgcheck=0
然后我们清除一下缓存，就可以看到
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Cleaning repos: dvd
Cleaning up everything
Maybe you want: rm -rf /var/cache/yum, to also free up space taken by orphaned data from disabled or removed repos
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list
..................
xorg-x11-server-utils.x86_64 7.7-20.el7 dvd
xorg-x11-utils.x86_64 7.5-22.el7 dvd
xorg-x11-xauth.x86_64 1:1.0.9-1.el7 dvd 这样我们的本地源就弄好了。
我们就可以把所有的rpm文件使用yum来管理了。
在配置文件/etc/yum.conf中有一个选项是keepcache
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.conf [main] cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever keepcache=0 debuglevel=2 logfile=/var/log/yum.log exactarch=1 obsoletes=1 gpgcheck=1 plugins=1 installonly_limit=5 bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum distroverpkg=centos-release如果已经安装的工具不保留安装包就置0，想保留就置1。安装包会保存在cachedir里。
扩展：
7.6yum更换国内源
有时候系统自带的yum源由于网络速度太慢（国外网站）可以将其更改为国内的yum源。
使用wget或者curl下载yum源的repo文件
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
--2018-06-27 03:51:22-- http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
Resolving mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)... 59.111.0.251
Connecting to mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)|59.111.0.251|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1572 (1.5K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘CentOS7-Base-163.repo’
100%[==============================================================================================================================>] 1,572 --.-K/s in 0s
2018-06-27 03:51:22 (349 MB/s) - ‘CentOS7-Base-163.repo’ saved [1572/1572]
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
可以使用yum repolist all 查看我们所有可用的repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
C7.0.1406-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base disabled
C7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.0.1406-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Extras disabled
C7.0.1406-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.0.1406-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Updates disabled
C7.1.1503-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Base disabled
C7.1.1503-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.1.1503-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Extras disabled
C7.1.1503-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.1.1503-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Updates disabled
C7.2.1511-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Base disabled
C7.2.1511-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.2.1511-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Extras disabled
C7.2.1511-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.2.1511-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Updates disabled
C7.3.1611-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Base disabled
C7.3.1611-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.3.1611-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Extras disabled
C7.3.1611-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - CentOSPlus disabled
C7.3.1611-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Updates disabled
base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - 163.com enabled: 9,911
base-debuginfo/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Debuginfo disabled
base-source/7 CentOS-7 - Base Sources disabled
c7-media CentOS-7 - Media disabled
centosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Plus - 163.com disabled
centosplus-source/7 CentOS-7 - Plus Sources disabled
cr/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - cr disabled
extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - 163.com enabled: 313
extras-source/7 CentOS-7 - Extras Sources disabled
fasttrack/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - fasttrack disabled
updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - 163.com enabled: 711
updates-source/7 CentOS-7 - Updates Sources disabled
repolist: 10,935
7.7 yum下载rpm包
有时候163的源不全，这时候我们可以安装一个扩展的源。
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install epel-release
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-11 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
epel-release noarch 7-11 extras 15 k
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 15 k
Installed size: 24 k
Is this ok [y/d/N]: t
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpm | 15 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : epel-release-7-11.noarch 1/1
Verifying : epel-release-7-11.noarch 1/1
Installed:
epel-release.noarch 0:7-11
Complete!
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS7-Base-163.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo epel-testing.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo epel.repoepel这个源来自Fedora，同样也是redhat公司出品，它提供了海量的rpm包。
那我想把这些包的rpm文件保存下来，使用--downloadonly
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install zsh --downloadonly
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-28.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
zsh x86_64 5.0.2-28.el7 base 2.4 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 2.4 M
Installed size: 5.6 M
Background downloading packages, then exiting:
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm | 2.4 MB 00:00:00
exiting because "Download Only" specified
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# find /var/cache/ -name "zsh*"
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
如果想指定下载目录，使用--downloaddir=/dir
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install zsh --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp
.............
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# find /tmp -name "zsh*"
/tmp/zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
如果这个工具已经被安装了，但是我们还是想下载这个文件，此时使用install已经不能下载了，我们使用yum reinstall命令即可。
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install zsh --downloadonly --downloaddir=/root
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Package zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg xxx
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum reinstall zsh --downloadonly --downloaddir=/root
......................
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg xxx zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
除此之外，使用yumdownloader命令可达到相同的效果。
7.8-7.9源码包安装
我们用httpd演示源码包的安装。
约定我们把源码包下载到/usr/local/src/ ，先下载一个apache
[root@localhost src]# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz
--2018-06-27 04:15:07-- http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz
Resolving mirrors.cnnic.cn (mirrors.cnnic.cn)... 101.6.8.193, 2402:f000:1:408:8100::1
Connecting to mirrors.cnnic.cn (mirrors.cnnic.cn)|101.6.8.193|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 9070595 (8.7M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz’
100%[==============================================================================================================================>] 9,070,595 4.91MB/s in 1.8s
2018-06-27 04:15:09 (4.91 MB/s) - ‘httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz’ saved [9070595/9070595]
然后找到这个源文件的说明文档
[root@localhost src]# ls
httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar zxf httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# ls
httpd-2.4.32 httpd-2.4.32.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# cd httpd-2.4.32
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# ls
ABOUT_APACHE apache_probes.d BuildBin.dsp config.layout emacs-style httpd.spec LAYOUT LICENSE NOTICE README.cmake srclib
acinclude.m4 ap.d buildconf configure httpd.dep include libhttpd.dep Makefile.in NWGNUmakefile README.platforms support
Apache-apr2.dsw build CHANGES configure.in httpd.dsp INSTALL libhttpd.dsp Makefile.win os ROADMAP test
Apache.dsw BuildAll.dsp CMakeLists.txt docs httpd.mak InstallBin.dsp libhttpd.mak modules README server VERSIONING
在文件INSTALL中会有说明如何安装，README文件中有对此工具的说明
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# cat INSTALL
。。。。
$ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX
$ make
$ make install
$ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start
。。。。以上即如何安装。
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
checking for chosen layout... Apache
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime library...
configure:
checking for APR... yes
setting CC to "gcc"
setting CPP to "gcc -E"
setting CFLAGS to " -pthread"
setting CPPFLAGS to " -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE"
setting LDFLAGS to " "
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime Utility library...
configure:
checking for APR-util... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... no
configure: error: in `/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.32':
configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
See `config.log' for more details
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# echo $?
77
当我们运行configure的时候，可能有一些依赖没有安装，这时候我们要使用yum一个一个安装依赖包。
对于这个例子，我们可以看到gcc是没有被安装的。
Server Version: 2.4.32
Install prefix: /usr/local/apache2
C compiler: gcc -std=gnu99
CFLAGS: -pthread
CPPFLAGS: -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE
LDFLAGS:
LIBS:
C preprocessor: gcc -E
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# echo $?
0
最后，如果echo $?返回0，说明我们这一步成功了。
接下来，按照文档make && make install 如果不报错就安装完成了。
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.32]# ls /usr/local/apache2/
bin build cgi-bin conf error htdocs icons include logs man manual modules
卸载的话直接删除目录即可。
扫一扫
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
