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<h3 id="-">复习提纲</h3> <blockquote> <ol> <li>stereographic projection (definition and the way to find a projecting point) </li> <li>calculate square root for a given complex number </li> <li>triangle inequality </li> <li>differentiation of a holomorphic function. (definition, Cauchy-Riemann equation, method to calculate a derivative for a given function , find a harmonic conjugate for a given real part) </li> <li>Maximal muduli theorem (proof is not required, just need know how to use it ) </li> <li>write a rational function into a sum of partial fractions </li> <li>linear transformation (cross ratio, the way to find a center of a circle decided by three points, how to decide if four points are on a same circle, symmetric points, reflection with respect to a circle, determine a linear transformation which can realize some transformations between circles)</li> </ol> </blockquote> <hr> <ul> <li>疑问：哪些函数连续，连续引申出来的性质有哪些？</li> <li>疑问：Prove fundamental theorem of algbra using maximum mudulii theorem</li> <li>疑问：extended complex plane: C ∪ {∞} |z|>1/ε is the neiborhood of ∞</li> <li>Riemann sphere and stereographic projection.</li> </ul> <hr> <ul> <li><p>A function f is continous at piont Zo if all three of the following conditions satisfied: (虽然只是一个点，但是实际上却包含了邻域|Z-Zo|<ζ)</p> <blockquote> <blockquote> <ol> <li>lim f(Z) exists</li> <li>f(Zo) exists</li> <li>lim f(Z) = f(Zo)</li> </ol> </blockquote> </blockquote> </li> <li><p>A function of complex variable is said to be continous in the region R if it is continous at each point in R.</p> <blockquote> <ol> <li>two functions are continous at a point,<blockquote> <ol> <li>their sum and product are also continous at that point</li> <li>their quotient is continous at any such point if the denomonator is not zero there.</li> <li>a polynomial is continous in the entire plane. </li> </ol> </blockquote> </li> </ol> </blockquote> </li> <li>theorem1：两个连续函数的复合仍然是连续的。</li> <li>theorem2; 如果f(Z) 在点Zo连续并且不为0，那么在该店的某个邻域有f(Z)≠0。</li> <li>theorem3: 如果f(Z)=u(x,y) + iv(x,y)中的分量函数u和v在点Zo=(xo,yo)连续，那么f也在该点连续。反之，也成立。</li> <li>theorem4：设R是一个有界闭区间，如果函数f在整个R上连续，那么存在一个非负实数M，使得<pre><code> |f(Z)|≤M 对R中所有的点Z成立，其中等号至少对一个点Z成立 </code></pre></li> </ul> <hr> <ul> <li>Derivatives：let f be a function whose domain of definition contains a neighborhood |Z-Zo|<ε of a point Zo. The <strong>derivative</strong> of f at Zo is the limit <pre><code> f'(Zo)=lim (f(Z)-f(Zo))/(Z-Zo) </code></pre>or defined as <pre><code> f'(Zo)=lim (f(Zo+△Z)-f(Zo))/△Z </code></pre>and function f is said to be <strong>defferentiable</strong> at Zo when f'(Zo) exist.</li> <li>复变函数有与实函数相似的求导性质。<pre><code> especially, F(Z)=g(f(Z)) has a derivative at Zo, and F'(Zo)=g'(f(Zo))f'(Zo) </code></pre></li> <li>Cauchy-riemann equation； if function f(Z)=u(x,y)+v(x,y) is derivable at Zo, then<pre><code> f'(Zo)=Ux(xo.yo)+iVx(xo,yo) f'(Zo)=-iUy(xo,yo)+Vy(xo,yo) </code></pre>by the uniqueness of limits, both the equation provide neccessary conditions for existance of f'(Zo)<pre><code> Ux(xo,yo)=Vy(xo,yo) and Uy(xo,yo)=-Vx(xo,yo) </code></pre></li> <li>theorem: 设 f(Z)=u(x,y) + iv(x,y) 并且f'(Z) 在点Zo=xo+iyo存在，那么分量u和v的一届偏导数在点(xo,yo)存在，且在该店满足柯西-黎曼方程：<pre><code> Ux=Vy, Uy=-Vx 并且 f'(Zo)=Ux+ iVx </code></pre></li> <li><p>Sufficient consitions for Differentiability； 设函数 f(Z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)在点Zo=xo+iyo 的某个ε邻域中处处有定义，并且</p> <blockquote> <ol> <li>分量u和v关于x和y的一阶偏导数在点Zo=xo+iyo的ε邻域内处处存在。</li> <li>这些一阶偏导数在点(xo,yo)连续且在点(xo,yo)满足柯西黎曼方程, 那么f'(Zo)存在。</li> </ol> </blockquote> </li> <li><p>总结：</p> </li> </ul> <ol> <li>如果要在某一点dirivable抑或是differentiable，那么需要函数在这点周围有定义，并且分量关于x,y的一阶偏导也要存在并且在周围连续，这样还不能保证derivable，必须还要让这一点满足柯西黎曼方程。</li> <li>还有第二种方法判断，便是直接用derivative的定义去求函数在那一点的导数，但这种方法基本不可行，因为我们无法去验证它在每一个方向上的极限都相等。倒是这种方法适合证明导数的不存在。</li> <li>特殊函数，比如ponynomials可以直接用它本身的性质去求。</li> <li>至于holomorphic function的定义，如果说 "holomorphic at a point Zo", means not just differentiable at Zo, but differentiable everywhere within some neighborhood of Zo in the complex plane. </li> </ol>
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