让我们先来看下它里面的内容:
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
- # Scrapy settings for demo1 project
- #
- # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
- # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
- #
- # http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
- # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
- # http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
- BOT_NAME = 'demo1' #Scrapy项目的名字,这将用来构造默认 User-Agent,同时也用来log,当您使用 startproject 命令创建项目时其也被自动赋值。
- SPIDER_MODULES = ['demo1.spiders'] #Scrapy搜索spider的模块列表 默认: [xxx.spiders]
- NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'demo1.spiders' #使用 genspider 命令创建新spider的模块。默认: 'xxx.spiders'
- #爬取的默认User-Agent,除非被覆盖
- #USER_AGENT = 'demo1 (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
- #如果启用,Scrapy将会采用 robots.txt策略
- ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
- #Scrapy downloader 并发请求(concurrent requests)的最大值,默认: 16
- #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
- #为同一网站的请求配置延迟(默认值:0)
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
- # See also autothrottle settings and docs
- #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3 下载器在下载同一个网站下一个页面前需要等待的时间,该选项可以用来限制爬取速度,减轻服务器压力。同时也支持小数:0.25 以秒为单位
- #下载延迟设置只有一个有效
- #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16 对单个网站进行并发请求的最大值。
- #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 对单个IP进行并发请求的最大值。如果非0,则忽略 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN 设定,使用该设定。 也就是说,并发限制将针对IP,而不是网站。该设定也影响 DOWNLOAD_DELAY: 如果 CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP 非0,下载延迟应用在IP而不是网站上。
- #禁用Cookie(默认情况下启用)
- #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
- #禁用Telnet控制台(默认启用)
- #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
- #覆盖默认请求标头:
- #DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
- # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
- # 'Accept-Language': 'en',
- #}
- #启用或禁用蜘蛛中间件
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
- #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
- # 'demo1.middlewares.Demo1SpiderMiddleware': 543,
- #}
- #启用或禁用下载器中间件
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
- #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
- # 'demo1.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
- #}
- #启用或禁用扩展程序
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
- #EXTENSIONS = {
- # 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
- #}
- #配置项目管道
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
- #ITEM_PIPELINES = {
- # 'demo1.pipelines.Demo1Pipeline': 300,
- #}
- #启用和配置AutoThrottle扩展(默认情况下禁用)
- # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
- #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
- #初始下载延迟
- #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
- #在高延迟的情况下设置的最大下载延迟
- #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
- #Scrapy请求的平均数量应该并行发送每个远程服务器
- #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
- #启用显示所收到的每个响应的调节统计信息:
- #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
- #启用和配置HTTP缓存(默认情况下禁用)
- # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
- #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
- #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
- #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
- #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
- #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
解释几个参数:
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True-----------是否遵守robots.txt
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 16-----------开启线程数量,默认16
AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 3-----------开始下载时限速并延迟时间
AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60-----------高并发请求时最大延迟时间
最底下的几个:是否启用在本地缓存,如果开启会优先读取本地缓存,从而加快爬取速度,视情况而定
HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
以上几个可以视项目需要开启,但是有两个参数最好每次都开启,而每次都是项目文件手动开启不免有些麻烦,最好是项目创建后就自动开启
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}
这个是浏览器请求头,很多网站都会检查客户端的headers,比如豆瓣就是每一个请求都检查headers的user_agent,否则只会返回403,可以开启
#USER_AGENT = 'Chirco (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
这个是至关重要的,大部分服务器在请求快了会首先检查User_Agent,而scrapy默认的浏览器头是scrapy1.1 我们需要开启并且修改成浏览器头,如:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1
但是最好是这个USER-AGENT会随机自动更换最好了。
下面的代码可以从预先定义的user-agent的列表中随机选择一个来采集不同的页面
在settings.py中添加以下代码
- DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
- 'scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware' : None,
- 'randoms.rotate_useragent.RotateUserAgentMiddleware' :400
- }
rotate_useragent的代码为:
- # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
- import random
- from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
- class RotateUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware):
- def __init__(self, user_agent=''):
- self.user_agent = user_agent
- def process_request(self, request, spider):
- #这句话用于随机选择user-agent
- ua = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
- if ua:
- print('User-Agent:'+ua)
- request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', ua)
- #the default user_agent_list composes chrome,I E,firefox,Mozilla,opera,netscape
- user_agent_list = [\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1"\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",\
- "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
- ]
运行爬虫可以看到信息:
- 2017-04-16 00:07:40 [scrapy.extensions.telnet] DEBUG: Telnet console listening on 127.0.0.1:6023
- User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3
- 2017-04-16 00:07:40 [scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect] DEBUG: Redirecting (301) to <GET http://www.jianshu.com/robots.txt> from <GET http://jianshu.com/robots.txt>
- User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1
- 2017-04-16 00:07:41 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET http://www.jianshu.com/robots.txt> (referer: None)
- User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24
- 2017-04-16 00:07:41 [scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.redirect] DEBUG: Redirecting (301) to <GET http://www.jianshu.com/> from <GET http://jianshu.com/>
- User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3
也可以把 user_agent_list放到 settings文件中去:
在rotate_useragent文件中加入一行代码
- from randoms.settings import user_agent_list
运行效果如下: