array学习之元素访问at,front,data,back,[]及swap, fill

C++11提供std::array 是封装固定大小数组的容器，与数组相比，它提供很多操作函数，例如：at, [], front, back, data, fill, swap等等，

 

元素访问
at	访问指定的元素，同时进行越界检查 (公开成员函数)
operator[]	访问指定的元素 (公开成员函数)
front	访问第一个元素 (公开成员函数)
back	访问最后一个元素 (公开成员函数)
data	返回指向内存中数组第一个元素的指针 (公开成员函数)
容量
empty	检查容器是否为空 (公开成员函数)
size	返回容纳的元素数 (公开成员函数)
max_size	返回可容纳的最大元素数 (公开成员函数)
操作
fill	以指定值填充容器 (公开成员函数)
swap	交换内容 (公开成员函数)

下面是这些函数的使用示例：

#include <iostream>
#include <array>
#include <time.h>

using namespace std;

void GetElement()
{
    const int count = 5;//214748
    cout << "init nArray   ";
    array<int, count> nArray = {23, 87, 34, 57, 12};//初始化
    for(int &c: nArray)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    nArray.fill(9);//以9填充容器所有内容
    cout << "nArray.fill(9) ";
    for(int &c: nArray)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    //double startTime1 = clock();//1计算开始
    for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)//214748
    {
        nArray[i] = (i + 1) * 10;
    }

    for(int &c: nArray)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    //double endTime1 = clock();//1时间结束
    cout << "nArray.size = " << nArray.size() << " nArray.isEmpty = " << nArray.empty()
         << "  nArray.max_size = " << nArray.max_size() << endl;

    //cout << "for    1 run time is: " << (double)(endTime1 - startTime1) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "s" << endl;
    cout << endl;
    array<int, count> nArray2;//nArray2的元素个数count必须和nArray一样，则否下面的赋值会报错
    nArray2 = nArray;
    for(int &c: nArray2)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "nArray.front = " << nArray.front() << endl;
    cout << "nArray[1] ==== " << nArray[1] << endl;
    cout << "nArray.at(2) = " << nArray.at(2) << endl;
    cout << "nArray.data == " << *(nArray.data()) << endl;
    cout << "nArray.back == " << nArray.back() << endl;
    cout << endl;

    array<int, 3> nArray3 = {21, 35, 98};
    array<int, 3> nArray4 = {32, 17, 57};
    cout << "nArray3 = ";
    for(int &c: nArray3)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "nArray4 = ";
    for(int &c: nArray4)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    auto it1 = nArray3.begin();
    auto it2 = nArray4.begin();
    int &ref1 = nArray3.front();
    int &ref2 = nArray4.front();
    cout << "*it1 = " << *it1 << " *it2 = " << *it2 << " ref1 = " << ref1 << " ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
    cout << "nArray3.data = " << nArray3.data() << " nArray4.data = " << nArray4.data() << endl;

    cout << "nArray3 swap nArray4 " << endl;
    //nArray3与nArray4的元素类型和个数必须要一样才能交换，这与vector的swap不一样。
    nArray3.swap(nArray4);
    cout << "nArray3 = ";
    for(int &c: nArray3)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "nArray4 = ";
    for(int &c: nArray4)
    {
        cout << c << "\t";
    }
    cout << endl;
    cout << "*it1 = " << *it1 << " *it2 = " << *it2 << " ref1 = " << ref1 << " ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
    cout << "nArray3.data = " << nArray3.data() << " nArray4.data = " << nArray4.data() << endl;

    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{

    GetElement();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "Hello world" << endl;
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

array的赋值必须是类型和元素个数一样，例如nArray3与nArray4类型和个数一样才可以正常使用，这点与vector不同，vector的个数不一样的容器也可以赋值 。

同时使用swap里，两个array的类型和元素个数也样一样。从以上结果看出，swap交换的是内容的值，array的首地址没有变化，迭代器和引用都变了，这与vector不同。

https://zh.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array