用python写网络爬虫读书笔记第一章网络爬虫简介

最新推荐文章于 2020-10-29 22:23:21 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2020-10-29 22:23:21 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/chituozha5528/article/details/78298706

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1 背景调研

1.1 检查robots.txt

在爬取之前检查robots.txt可以最小化爬虫被禁封的可能，而且还能发现和网站结构相关的线索。在本书中获取robots.txt的方式为在完整网站首页后面加上/robots.txt，即http://example.webscraping.com/robots.txt 但是本人在尝试时并没有发现robots.txt，依然是网站的首页。如果哪位大神看到了有思路的话还希望指点一二本文以搜狗为例，获取robots.txt如下所示：

回归到本书中的robots.txt介绍。

在本书中的获取的robots.txt如下（纯手工抄的）：

#section 1
User-agent:BadCrawler
Disallow:/
#section 2
User-agent:*
Crawl-delay:5
Disallow:/trap
#section 3
Sitemap: http://example.webscraping.com/sitemap.xml

在section1中，robots.txt禁止用户代理为BadCrawler的爬虫爬取该网站

在section2中，robots.txt规定无论使用哪种用户代理，都应该在下载请求之间给出5秒的抓取延迟。这里的/trap链接用于封禁那些爬取了不允许链接的恶意爬虫。如果访问了这个链接，服务器会封禁你的ip一分钟，甚至永久封禁。

1.2 检查网站地图

网站提供的sitemap文件（1.1中robots.txt中的section3部分）可以帮助爬虫定位网站最新的内容，而无需爬取每一个网页。但是该文件经常存在缺失、过期或者不完整的问题。（在本书提供的链接中依然没有发现sitemap文件）

1.3 估算网站大小

估算网站大小的方式为 site:域名。以搜狗为例，输入site:sogou.com即可获得网站大小：

1.4 识别网站所用的技术

首先安装builtwith模块

pip install builtwith

import builtwith
print builtwith.parse('http://example.webscraping.com/')

打印结果为：

{u'javascript-frameworks': [u'jQuery', u'Modernizr', u'jQuery UI'], 
u'web-frameworks': [u'Web2py', u'Twitter Bootstrap'],
u'programming-languages': [u'Python'],
u'web-servers': [u'Nginx']}

可以看到本书中示例网站使用了python的Web2py框架等信息。

1.5 寻找网站的所有者

首先安装python-whois

pip install python-whois

import whois
print whois.whois('appspot.com')

打印结果为：

{
  "updated_date": [
    "2017-02-06 10:26:49", 
    "2017-02-06T02:26:49-0800"
  ], 
  "status": [
    "clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited", 
    "clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited", 
    "clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited", 
    "serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited", 
    "serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited", 
    "serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited", 
    "clientUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited)", 
    "clientTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited)", 
    "clientDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited)", 
    "serverUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited)", 
    "serverTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited)", 
    "serverDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited)"
  ], 
  "name": "DNS Admin", 
  "dnssec": "unsigned", 
  "city": "Mountain View", 
  "expiration_date": [
    "2018-03-10 01:27:55", 
    "2018-03-09T00:00:00-0800"
  ], 
  "zipcode": "94043", 
  "domain_name": [
    "APPSPOT.COM", 
    "appspot.com"
  ], 
  "country": "US", 
  "whois_server": "whois.markmonitor.com", 
  "state": "CA", 
  "registrar": "MarkMonitor, Inc.", 
  "referral_url": null, 
  "address": "2400 E. Bayshore Pkwy", 
  "name_servers": [
    "NS1.GOOGLE.COM", 
    "NS2.GOOGLE.COM", 
    "NS3.GOOGLE.COM", 
    "NS4.GOOGLE.COM", 
    "ns4.google.com", 
    "ns2.google.com", 
    "ns3.google.com", 
    "ns1.google.com"
  ], 
  "org": "Google Inc.", 
  "creation_date": [
    "2005-03-10 02:27:55", 
    "2005-03-09T18:27:55-0800"
  ], 
  "emails": [
    "abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com", 
    "dns-admin@google.com"
  ]
}

可以看到该域名是用于Google App Engine服务的。

2 编写第一个网络爬虫

2.1下载网页

(1)重试下载

下载时遇到的错误经常是临时性的，但是4xx错误发生在请求出现问题时，比如网页不存在，一般不做处理。5xx错误则是发生在服务器端的问题，需要重试下载。

def download(url,num_retries=2):
    print 'Downloading: ',url
    try:
        html=urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
    except urllib2.URLError as e:
        print 'Download error',e.reason
        html=None
        if num_retries>0:
            if hasattr(e, 'code') and 500<=e.code<=600:
                return download(url, num_retries-1)
    return html

(2)设置用户代理

默认情况下，urllib2使用Python-urllib/2.7作为用户代理下载网页，但是一些网站会封禁这个默认的用户代理，所以要进行用户代理的设定。本书中设定“wswp”为默认的用户代理。代码如下：

def download(url,user_agent='wswp',num_retries=2):
    print 'Downloading: ',url
    headers={'User-agent':user_agent}
    request=urllib2.Request(url,headers=headers)#Request!!
    try:
        html=urllib2.urlopen(request).read()
    except urllib2.URLError as e:
        print 'Download error:',e.reason
        html=None
        if num_retries>0:
            if hasattr(e, 'code') and 500<=e.code<=600:
                download(url, user_agent, num_retries-1)
    return html

2.2 ID遍历爬虫

本书示例网站http://example.webscraping.com/中每个国家的网址区别在于URL的结尾处：

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Afghanistan-1

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Aland-Islands-2

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Albania-3

但是如果将URL后面的结果直接改为1，2，3效果依然相同。

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/1

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/2

http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/3

所以考虑利用URL后面的ID进行爬虫。即使用http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/+ID数字的形式进行每一个国家的爬取。此时如果数据库ID表示连续的或者中间偶尔出现间隔，那么爬虫访问到间隔点时会退出。这时候应该考虑连续多次下载错误时在退出的问题。

max_errors=5
num_error=0
for page in itertools.count(1):
    url='http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/-%d'%page
    html=download(url)
    if html is None:
        num_error+=1
        if num_error==max_errors:
            break
    else:
        num_error=0

上述代码中需要连续错5次才会停止遍历。

2.3 链接爬虫

这里就是利用正则表达式进行所有链接的筛选，因为网页中的href链接是相对路径，所以本书中利用urlparse.urljoin(seed_url, link)进行绝对路径的拼接。同时为了防止重复遍历爬取过的链接，本书中通过列表和集合进行了判断。具体分析如下代码。

#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
from common import download
import urlparse

def link_crawler(seed_url, link_regex):
    """Crawl from the given seed URL following links matched by link_regex
    """
    crawl_queue = [seed_url]
    seen = set(crawl_queue) #用于记录爬取过的网页
    while crawl_queue:
        url = crawl_queue.pop()
        html = download(url)
        for link in get_links(html):
            # 检查增则匹配
            if re.match(link_regex, link):
                # 获取绝对路径
                link = urlparse.urljoin(seed_url, link)
                # 检查是否爬取过
                if link not in seen:#这里的逻辑是将遍历到的link链接都分别加入到seen和crawl_queue。但是在之后调用download函数时只是取crawl_queue中的链接，而
                    seen.add(link)  #seen中的链接不动。所以在这里可以进行是否爬取过的判断。
                    crawl_queue.append(link)


def get_links(html):
    """Return a list of links from html 
    """
    #增则预编译，选取所有的href链接
    webpage_regex = re.compile('<a href="(.*?)">', re.IGNORECASE)
    # 更具上面的正则预编译返回html页面内的所有链接
    return webpage_regex.findall(html)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    link_crawler('http://example.webscraping.com', '/places/default/view/.*?-\d|/places/default/index')

高级功能

(1)解析robots.txt文件

利用python自带的robotparser模块进行robots.txt解析。robotparser模块首先会加载robots.txt文件，然后通过can_fetch()函数确定指定的用户代理是否允许访问网页。

import robotparser
rp=robotparser.RobotFileParser()
rp.set_url('http://example.webscraping.com/robots.txt')
rp.read()
url='http://example.webscraping.com/'
user_agent='BadCrawler'
rp.can_fetch(user_agent,url)#结果为false
user_agent='GoodCrawler'
rp.can_fetch(user_agent,url)#结果为true

和1.1中section1部分内容一样。
(2)支持代理

当时用支持代理进行访问某个网站时可以利用如下代码进行设置

request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers)
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
response = opener.open(request)
html = response.read()

(3)下载限速

为了避免下载过快而导致被封禁，应该在两次下载之间添加延时，从而对爬虫进行限速。

class Throttle:
    """Throttle downloading by sleeping between requests to same domain
    """
    def __init__(self, delay):
        # amount of delay between downloads for each domain
        self.delay = delay
        # timestamp of when a domain was last accessed
        self.domains = {}
        
    def wait(self, url):
        domain = urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc
        last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain)

        if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
            sleep_secs = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
            if sleep_secs > 0:
                time.sleep(sleep_secs)
        self.domains[domain] = datetime.now()
#domains最初为一个空的字典，当第一次从里面取数据时必然为空。所以该句代码将返回的domain设为字典的键将现在的时刻设置为键的值
#domain为example.webscraping.com。第一次存进domains的也是example.webscraping.com。将wait函数下载download之前
#即可实现下载的限速。

(4)避免爬虫陷阱

一些网站会动态生成网页内容，这样会有无限多个网页，爬虫将永无止境，这就是爬虫陷阱。为了避免这种陷阱可以设置深度。深度就是到达当前网页经过了多少个链接。当到达最大深度时，爬虫就不再像队列中添加该网页中的连接了。

def link_crawler(。。。max_depth=-1):
    crawl_queue = Queue.deque([seed_url])
    seen = {seed_url: 0}
    while crawl_queue:
        url = crawl_queue.pop()
        depth = seen[url]
        if depth != max_depth:
            for link in links:
                if link not in seen:
                    seen[link] = depth + 1#初始depth为0，当将第一个网页内所有的链接都放进seen中，同时将depth设置为1.代表这是第一个下载网页里面的所有链接。同理当对第二个链接进行网页内容下载时
                                              #depth就被设置为2了。这时候就不会在往seen里面增加链接。
                    crawl_queue.append(link)

代码最终版本如下：

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
import re
import urlparse
import urllib2
import time
from datetime import datetime
import robotparser
import Queue

def link_crawler(seed_url, link_regex=None, delay=5, max_depth=-1, max_urls=-1, headers=None, user_agent='wswp', proxy=None, num_retries=1):
    """Crawl from the given seed URL following links matched by link_regex
    """
    # the queue of URL's that still need to be crawled
    crawl_queue = Queue.deque([seed_url])
    # the URL's that have been seen and at what depth
    seen = {seed_url: 0}
    # track how many URL's have been downloaded
    num_urls = 0
    rp = get_robots(seed_url)
    throttle = Throttle(delay)
    headers = headers or {}
    if user_agent:
        headers['User-agent'] = user_agent

    while crawl_queue:
        url = crawl_queue.pop()
        # check url passes robots.txt restrictions
        if rp.can_fetch(user_agent, url):
            throttle.wait(url)
            html = download(url, headers, proxy=proxy, num_retries=num_retries)
            links = []

            depth = seen[url]
            if depth != max_depth:
                # can still crawl further
                if link_regex:
                    # filter for links matching our regular expression
                    links.extend(link for link in get_links(html) if re.match(link_regex, link))

                for link in links:
                    link = normalize(seed_url, link)
                    # check whether already crawled this link
                    if link not in seen:
                        seen[link] = depth + 1#初始depth为0，当将第一个网页内所有的链接都放进seen中，同时将depth设置为1.代表这是第一个下载网页里面的所有链接。同理当对第二个链接进行网页内容下载时
                                              #depth就被设置为2了。这时候就不会在往seen里面增加链接。
                        # check link is within same domain
                        if same_domain(seed_url, link):
                            # success! add this new link to queue
                            crawl_queue.append(link)

            # check whether have reached downloaded maximum
            num_urls += 1
            if num_urls == max_urls:
                break
        else:
            print 'Blocked by robots.txt:', url


class Throttle:
    """Throttle downloading by sleeping between requests to same domain
    """
    def __init__(self, delay):
        # amount of delay between downloads for each domain
        self.delay = delay
        # timestamp of when a domain was last accessed
        self.domains = {}
        
    def wait(self, url):
        domain = urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc
        last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain)

        if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
            sleep_secs = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
            if sleep_secs > 0:
                time.sleep(sleep_secs)
        self.domains[domain] = datetime.now()
#domains最初为一个空的字典，当第一次从里面取数据时必然为空。所以该句代码将返回的domain设为字典的键将现在的时刻设置为键的值
#domain为example.webscraping.com。第一次存进domains的也是example.webscraping.com。将wait函数下载download之前
#即可实现下载的限速。


def download(url, headers, proxy, num_retries, data=None):
    print 'Downloading:', url
    request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers)
    opener = urllib2.build_opener()
    if proxy:
        proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
        opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
    try:
        response = opener.open(request)
        html = response.read()
        code = response.code
    except urllib2.URLError as e:
        print 'Download error:', e.reason
        html = ''
        if hasattr(e, 'code'):
            code = e.code
            if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
                # retry 5XX HTTP errors
                return download(url, headers, proxy, num_retries-1, data)
        else:
            code = None
    return html


def normalize(seed_url, link):
    """Normalize this URL by removing hash and adding domain
    """
    link, _ = urlparse.urldefrag(link) # remove hash to avoid duplicates
    return urlparse.urljoin(seed_url, link)


def same_domain(url1, url2):
    """Return True if both URL's belong to same domain
    """
    #用于判断是否是需要遍历的网址，即只要netloc部分（example.webscraping.com/）相同就符合要求
    return urlparse.urlparse(url1).netloc == urlparse.urlparse(url2).netloc


def get_robots(url):
    """Initialize robots parser for this domain
    """
    rp = robotparser.RobotFileParser()
    rp.set_url(urlparse.urljoin(url, '/robots.txt'))
    rp.read()
    return rp
        

def get_links(html):
    """Return a list of links from html 
    """
    # a regular expression to extract all links from the webpage
    webpage_regex = re.compile('<a href="(.*?)">', re.IGNORECASE)
    # list of all links from the webpage
    return webpage_regex.findall(html)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    link_crawler('http://example.webscraping.com', '/places/default/view/.*?-\d|/places/default/index', delay=5, num_retries=1, user_agent='BadCrawler')
    link_crawler('http://example.webscraping.com', '/places/default/view/.*?-\d|/places/default/index', delay=0, num_retries=1, max_depth=2, user_agent='GoodCrawler')