跨进程访问(AIDL服务)
Android系统中的进程之间不能共 享内存,因此,需要提供一些机制在不同进程之间进行数据通信。在4个Android应用程序组件中的3个(Activity、Broadcast和 Content Provider)都可以进行跨进程访问,另外一个Android应用程序组件Service同样可以,也即AIDL服务。
什么是AIDL服务
为了使其他的应用程序也可以访问本应用程序提供的服务,Android系统采用了远程过程调用(Remote Procedure Call,RPC)方式来实现。与很多其他的基于RPC的解决方案一样,Android使用一种接口定义语言(Interface Definition Language,IDL)来公开服务的接口。因此,可以将这种可以跨进程访问的服务称为AIDL(Android Interface Definition Language)服务。 AIDL (Android Interface Definition Language)是一种IDL 语言,用于生成可以在Android设备上两个进程之间进行进程间通信(IPC)的代码。如果在一个进程中(例如Activity)要调用另一个进程中 (例如Service)对象的操作,就可以使用AIDL生成可序列化的参数。
AIDL IPC机制是面向接口的,像COM或Corba一样,但是更加轻量级。它是使用代理类在客户端和实现端传递数据。
使用AIDL实现IPC(Implementing IPC Using AIDL):
1. 创建.aidl文件-该文件(YourInterface.aidl)定义了客户端可用的方法和数据的接口。
2. 在makefile文件中加入.aidl文件-(Eclipse中的ADT插件提供管理功能)Android包括名为AIDL的编译器,位于tools/文件夹。
3. 实现接口-AIDL编译器从AIDL接口文件中利用Java语言创建接口,该接口有一个继承的命名为Stub的内部抽象类(并且实现了一些IPC调用的附加方法),要做的就是创建一个继承于YourInterface.Stub的类并且实现在.aidl文件中声明的方法。
4. 向客户端公开接口-如果是编写服务,应该继承Service并且重载Service.onBind(Intent) 以返回实现了接口的对象实例
在创建YourInterface.aidl文件时,需要注意: AIDL 服务只支持有限的数据类型,即Java基本类型、集合类型、AIDL 自动生成的接口(需要手动import),如果需要使用复杂的数据就需要做更一步处理,比如实现了android.os.Parcelable 接口的类(需要import),而且要注意为实现了Parcelable 接口的类创建一个对应的aidl文件,文件名和类名相同,文件内容为:除了package必须有parcelable YourInterface。
一个简单的AIDL设计
创建AIDL文件,在这个aidl中使用的复杂的数据类型(Person,Male,Female都实现了接口android.os.Parcelable):
package com.aidl.service;
import com.aidl.service.Person;
import com.aidl.service.Male;
import com.aidl.service.Female;
interface IPersonService {
Female getFemale(String name);
Male getMale(String name);
Person getPerson(String name);
List<Person> getPersons();
List<Female> getFemales();
List<Male> getMales();
void createPerson(in Person person);
void createFemale(in String name, in String telNumber, in int age);
void createMale(in String name, in String telNumber, in int age);
int getFemaleCount();
int getMaleCount();
int getPersonCount();
}
Person.aild(Male,Female类似)很简单:
package com.aidl.service;
parcelable Person;
此时可以编译项目,Eclipse会在gen下自动生成IPersonService.java,该类中自动生成了Stub抽象类以及asInterface()等:
package com.aidl.service;
public interface IPersonService extends android.os.IInterface
{
/** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */
public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements com.aidl.service.IPersonService
{
private static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTOR = "com.aidl.service.IPersonService";
/** Construct the stub at attach it to the interface. */
public Stub()
{
this.attachInterface(this, DESCRIPTOR);
}
/**
* Cast an IBinder object into an com.aidl.service.IPersonService interface,
* generating a proxy if needed.
*/
public static com.aidl.service.IPersonService asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj)
{
if ((obj==null)) {
return null;
}
android.os.IInterface iin = (android.os.IInterface)obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
if (((iin!=null)&&(iin instanceof com.aidl.service.IPersonService))) {
return ((com.aidl.service.IPersonService)iin);
}
return new com.aidl.service.IPersonService.Stub.Proxy(obj);
}
public android.os.IBinder asBinder()
{
return this;
}
/**
* 省略......
*/
public void createPerson(com.aidl.service.Person person) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
if ((person!=null)) {
_data.writeInt(1);
person.writeToParcel(_data, 0);
}
else {
_data.writeInt(0);
}
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_createPerson, _data, _reply, 0);
_reply.readException();
}
finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}
}
public void createFemale(java.lang.String name, java.lang.String telNumber, int age) throws android.os.RemoteException
{
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
_data.writeString(name);
_data.writeString(telNumber);
_data.writeInt(age);
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_createFemale, _data, _reply, 0);
_reply.readException();
}
finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}
}
}
public com.aidl.service.Female getFemale(java.lang.String name) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public com.aidl.service.Male getMale(java.lang.String name) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public com.aidl.service.Person getPerson(java.lang.String name) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public java.util.List<com.aidl.service.Person> getPersons() throws android.os.RemoteException;
public java.util.List<com.aidl.service.Female> getFemales() throws android.os.RemoteException;
public java.util.List<com.aidl.service.Male> getMales() throws android.os.RemoteException;
public void createPerson(com.aidl.service.Person person) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public void createFemale(java.lang.String name, java.lang.String telNumber, int age) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public void createMale(java.lang.String name, java.lang.String telNumber, int age) throws android.os.RemoteException;
public int getFemaleCount() throws android.os.RemoteException;
public int getMaleCount() throws android.os.RemoteException;
public int getPersonCount() throws android.os.RemoteException;
}
配置Manifest.xml文件,下面是一个最最简单的配置方式:
<service android:name="com.aidl.service.PersonService">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.aidl.service.action.PersonService" />
</intent-filter>
</service>
实现Service,类名可以根据自己喜好来定,Service中最主要的是实现aidl中各个方法,即,Stub中没有实现的抽象方法这里需要注意onBind()返回Stub:
package com.aidl.service;
import com.aidl.service.Person.SEX;
public class PersonService extends Service {
private final String TAG = "PersonService";
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
males = new ArrayList<Male>();
females = new ArrayList<Female>();
mPerson = new ArrayList<Person>();
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
super.onDestroy();
}
@Override
public boolean onUnbind(Intent intent) {
return super.onUnbind(intent);
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return mPersonBinder;
}
private List<Male> males;
private List<Female> females;
private List<Person> mPerson;
private IPersonService.Stub mPersonBinder = new IPersonService.Stub() {
@Override
public Female getFemale(String name) throws RemoteException {
Female result = null;
if (females == null || name == null || name.length() == 0)
return null;
for (Female f : females) {
if (f.getName() != null && f.getName().length() > 0
&& f.getName().equals(name)) {
result = f;
break;
}
}
return result;
}
/**
*
* 此处省略其余方法的实现
*
*/
}
接下来可以定义自己外部使用的ServiceConnection,主要是onServiceConnected()构造你的接口类型,onServiceDisconnected()断开服务时处理,通常我们的ServiceConnection是一个单例,实现了Service的连接(connect)/断开(unconnect)方法:
package com.aidl.service;
public class PersonServiceConnent implements ServiceConnection {
private static final String TAG = "PersonServiceConnent";
private Context mContext;
private static PersonServiceConnent connect;
private final static Object synObj = new Object();
private IPersonService myInterface;
public static final String SERVICE_ACTION = "com.aidl.service.action.PersonService";
public static final String SERVICE_PACKAGENAME = "com.aidl.main";
public static final String SERVICE_CLASSNAME = "com.aidl.service.PersonService";
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {
myInterface = IPersonService.Stub.asInterface(service);
if (myInterface == null)
Log.i(TAG, "in onServiceConnected() getCurrentPosition == null");
else
Log.i(TAG, "in onServiceConnected() getCurrentPosition != null");
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
myInterface = null;
bConnected = false;
Log.i(TAG, "onServiceDisconnected:" + name);
}
private PersonServiceConnent(Context context) {
mContext = context;
}
public static PersonServiceConnent Instance(Context context) {
if (connect == null) {
synchronized (synObj) {
if (connect == null)
connect = new PersonServiceConnent(context);
}
}
return connect;
}
private Intent mIntent = new Intent();
private boolean bStartService = false;
private boolean bConnected = false;
private ComponentName mComponentName;
public synchronized boolean connect(Context context) {
if (context == null)
return false;
mContext = context;
mIntent.setAction(SERVICE_ACTION);
if (!bStartService) {
mIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
try {
mComponentName = mContext.startService(mIntent);
if (mComponentName != null) {
bStartService = true;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (connect != null && !connect.bConnected) {
connect.bConnected = mContext.bindService(mIntent, connect,
Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
if (!connect.bConnected) {
try {
mContext.unbindService(connect);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
try {
mContext.startActivity(mIntent);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
try {
connect.bConnected = mContext.bindService(mIntent, connect,
Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}
}
return connect.bConnected;
}
public void unconnect() {
if (mContext == null)
return;
else
unconnect(mContext);
}
public void unconnect(Context context) {
if (context == null)
context = mContext;
if (context == null)
return;
if (connect != null) {
if (connect.bConnected) {
try {
context.unbindService(connect);
bConnected = false;
} catch (Exception e) {
}
try {
Intent tmpIntent = new Intent();
if (mComponentName != null) {
tmpIntent.setComponent(mComponentName);
} else {
tmpIntent.setClassName(SERVICE_PACKAGENAME,
SERVICE_CLASSNAME);
}
context.stopService(tmpIntent);
bStartService = false;
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e(TAG, "unconnect error", e);
}
}
}
}
/**
* getFemale()供我们在外部调用ServiceConnection的时候使用,其实现就是调用Service中的方法而已
* @param name
* @return
*/
public Female getFemale(String name) {
if (myInterface == null) {
Log.i(TAG, "in getFemale() myInterface == null");
this.connect(mContext);
return null;
}
try {
return myInterface.getFemale(name);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
Log.i(TAG, "getFemale()", e);
return null;
}
}
/**
*
* 省略其余类似getFemale方法的实现
*
*/
}
在上面的ServiceConnection的代码中,onServiceConnected获取Service使用了Stub.asInterface(service),这种方式是常见的。其中的connect和unconnect也是比较常见的写法,基本类似。connect中,Intent的Action必须与AndroidManifest.xml中对应<service>的action一致。在unconnect中setClassName(String packageName, String className)的参数需要注意packageName为应用的packageName,而非简单的class的package,className为绝对class(带包名)。
这样就比较完整的实现了一个AIDL,这里的例子虽然比较简单,但是AIDL实现的过程和步骤基本是一样的,而对于ServiceConnection中最主要的几个方法的写法也基本大同小异。