[C++学习笔记]动态内存管理

1.静态内存和动态内存

      静态内存缺点：需为变量分配尽可能大的内存，此变量并一直占用内存

      动态内存由一些没有名字、只有地址的内存块构成，内存块是在程序运行期间动态分配的。new语句将返回新分配地址块的起始地址。通常需把这个地址保存到一个指针变量里以便今后使用。

      int *i = new int;

      若没有足够可用空间，new语句抛出std::bad_alloc异常，导致程序结束执行。

      在用完内存块之后，应用delete语句把它还给内存池。作为一种附加保险措施，释放内存块后应把与之关联的指针设置为NULL

      delete i;

      i = NULL;

      把某指针设为NULL的目的是为了让程序明确知道这个指针已不再指向一个内存块，消除对指针引用失败而留下的一些隐患。

      最重要的是new与delete要匹配。

 

2.为对象分配内存

      new向内存池申请内存，delete释放内存。

      动态创建对象时，如果那个类的构造器有输入参数，那么就把它们放在类名后的括号里传递过去，这与创建静态对象的做法完全一样

      Company *company = new Company("IBM");

      在操作时，必须使用指针成员操作符。该语法与struct相同，需使用->操作符：

      company -> printInfo();

 

      delete company;

      company = NULL;

 

3.动态数组：为长度可变的数组分配内存

   #include <iostream> #include <string> int main() { unsigned int count = 0; std::cout<<"Number of elements to allocate?"; std::cin>>count; int *x= new int[count]; for (int i=0;i<count;i++) { x[i]=count-i; } for (i=0;i<count;i++) { std::cout<<"The value of x["<<i<<"] is "<<x[i]<<"/n"; } //Free the memory //must use delete[] not delete. delete[] x; x=NULL; std::cin.ignore(100,'/n'); std::cout<<"Please Enter or Return to continue."; std::cin.get(); return 0; }

 

4.从函数或方法返回内存

      让函数返回一个指向内存块的指针。

#include <iostream> #include <string> class Company { public: Company(std::string name); virtual void printInfo(); protected: std::string name; private: }; class Publisher:public Company { public: Publisher(std::string name,int booksPublished); virtual void printInfo(); protected: private: int booksPublished; }; Company::Company(std::string name) { this->name = name; } void Company::printInfo() { std::cout<<"This is a company called '"<<name<<"'./n"; } Publisher::Publisher(std::string name,int booksPublished):Company(name) { this->booksPublished = booksPublished; } void Publisher::printInfo() { std::cout<<"This is a publisher called '"<<name<<"' that has published "<<booksPublished<<" books./n"; } Company *createCompany(std::string name,int booksPublished = -1); int main() { Company *company = createCompany("IBM"); company->printInfo(); delete company; company = NULL; company = createCompany("Peachpit",99999); company->printInfo(); delete company; company = NULL; std::cout<<"Press Enter or Return to continue."; std::cin.get(); return 0; } Company *createCompany(std::string name,int booksPublished /* = -1 */) { if (booksPublished<0) { return new Company(name); } else{ return new Publisher(name,booksPublished); } }