本文主要介绍从手动装配到自动装配、自动装配解决什么问题、自动装配的缺点。
Car、Address类实例需要装配到Person类实例中,接下来将创建Person、Car、Address及测试类,并通过手动装配和自动装配的方式解释自动装配解决的问题,存在的缺点,并说明可能会出现的异常。
Person类
package com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire;
public class Person {
private String name;
private Address address;
private Car car;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
public Car getCar() {
return car;
}
public void setCar(Car car) {
this.car = car;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", address=" + address +
", car=" + car +
'}';
}
}
Address类
package com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire;
public class Address {
private String city;
private String street;
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getStreet() {
return street;
}
public void setStreet(String street) {
this.street = street;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Address{" +
"city='" + city + '\'' +
", street='" + street + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
Car类
package com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire;
public class Car {
private String brand;
private double price;
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car{" +
"brand='" + brand + '\'' +
", price=" + price +
'}';
}
}
Main类(测试类)
package com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-autowire.xml");
Person person = (Person) context.getBean("person");
System.out.println(person);
}
}
手动装配
beans-autowire.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="address" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="Beijing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"></bean>
<bean id="car" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="30000" ></bean>
<bean id="person" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name = "jack" p:address-ref="address" p:car-ref="car"></bean>
</beans>
自动装配
Spring引入Autowire(自动装配)机制就是为了解决标签下标签过多的问题,标签过多会引发两个问题:
- 如果一个Bean中要注入的对象过多,比如十几二十个(这是很正常的),那将导致Spring配置文件非常冗长,可读性与维护性差
- 如果一个Bean中要注入的对象过多,配置麻烦且一不小心就容易出错
因此,为了解决使用标签注入对象过多的问题,Spring引入自动装配机制,简化开发者配置难度,降低xml文件配置大小。
beans-autowire.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="address" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="Beijing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"></bean>
<bean id="car" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="30000" ></bean>
<bean id="person" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name = "jack" autowire="byName"></bean>
</beans>
Spring支持4种自动装配方式:
常用byName与byType:
1.byName ---根据bean的名字和当前bean的setter风格的属性名进行自动装配,若有匹配的,则自动装配,若无则不装配
2.byType ---根据bean的类型和当前bean值的属性类型进行自动装配,若IOC容器中有1个以上的类型匹配的bean,则抛异常(org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException)。
beans-autowire.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="address" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city="Beijing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"></bean>
<bean id="car" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="30000" ></bean>
<bean id="car2" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand="Audi" p:price="30000" ></bean>
<bean id="person" class="com.wusuiwei.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name = "jack" autowire="byType"></bean>
</beans>
执行结果:
自动装配的缺点:
1.在Bean配置文件中设置autowire属性进行自动装配时会装配所有属性,然而,若只希望自动装配个别属性时,autowire属性就不够灵活了。
2.autowire属性要么根据类型自动装配,要么根据名称自动装配,不能兼而有之。
因此,一般情况下,在实际项目中,很少使用自动装配功能,因为自动装配功能所带来的好处比起来,明确清晰的配置文档更有说服力一些。