Python学习笔记(2)

Python学习笔记(2)



1)Error and Exceptions
错误和异常
语法错误是在编译时检查,但Python允许在程序执行期间检查错误。当检查出错误,Python解释器抛出、产生、触发一个异常。
要增加错误检测或异常处理到代码,使用try-except语句。
语法如下:
try:
  try_running_this_suite
except
  suite_if_someError_occurs


2)Functions
Phthon的函数与其它编程语言相似,函数使用()操作符进行调用,函数在使用前声明,函数类型是其返回值类型。
函数的参数通过引用进行调用。
声明函数:
def function_name([arguments]):
  "optional documentation string"
  function_suite
例子:
>>> def addMe2Me(x):
  'apply + operation to argument'
  return (x+x)

>>> addMe2Me(4.25)
8.5
>>> addMe2Me(10)
20
>>> addMe2Me('python ')
'python python '
>>> addMe2Me([-1, 'abc'])
[-1, 'abc', -1, 'abc']
>>> 

缺省参数的例子:
>>> def foo(debug=1):
 'determine if in debug mode with default argument'
 if debug:
  print 'in debug mode'
 print 'done'

>>> foo()
in debug mode
done
>>> foo(0)
done


3)Classes
类仅仅是保护静态数据成员或函数声明的容器,其静态数据成员或函数声明则称为类属性。
类提供了创建实际对象的blueprints,创建的实际对象称为类的实例。函数在类中称为方法。
声明类:
class class_name[(base_classes_if_any)]:
  "optional documentation string"
  static_member_declarations
  method_declarations
类声明使用class关键字。如声明子类,那么其超类或基类应该在圆括号中给出。
>>> class FooClass:
 'my very first class: FooClass'
 version = 0.1 # class (data) attribute
 def __init__(self, nm='John Doe'):
  'constructor'
  self.name = nm # class instance (data) attribute
  print 'Created a class instance for', nm
 def showname(self):
  'display instance attribute and class name'
  print 'Your name is', self.name
  print 'My name is', self.__class__ # full class name
 def showver(self):
  'display class(static) attribute'
  print self.version # references FooClass.version
 def addMe2Me(self, x): # does not use 'self'
  'apply + operation to argument'
  return (x+x)

>>> foo1 = FooClass()
Created a class instance for John Doe
>>> foo1.showver()
0.1
>>> print foo1.addMe2Me(5)
10
>>> print foo1.addMe2Me('xyz')
xyzxyz
>>> foo1.showname()
Your name is John Doe
My name is __main__.FooClass
>>> foo2 = FooClass('Jane Smith')
Created a class instance for Jane Smith
>>> foo2.showname()
Your name is Jane Smith
My name is __main__.FooClass

注意:当创建一个类实例时,其__init__()方法被自动调用。


4)Modules
模块是一个组织多个Python代码文件的逻辑方法。模块可包含可执行的代码、函数、类或以上所有类型。
模块名即为文件名,但不包括扩展名。当创建了一个模块后,使用import语句导入模块。
import module_name
调用模块函数:module.function()
访问模块变量:module.variable
例子:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.stdout.write('Hello World!/n')
Hello World!

下一个例子:
>>> import sys
>>> import string
>>> sys.platform
'win32'
>>> sys.version
'2.5.1 (r251:54863, Apr 18 2007, 08:51:08) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)]'
>>> up2space = string.find(sys.version, ' ')
>>> ver = sys.version[:up2space]
>>> ver
'2.5.1'
>>> print 'I am running Python %s on %s' % (ver, sys.platform)
I am running Python 2.5.1 on win32

例3:
>>> verchunks = string.split(sys.version)
>>> verchunks
['2.5.1', '(r251:54863,', 'Apr', '18', '2007,', '08:51:08)', '[MSC', 'v.1310', '32', 'bit', '(Intel)]']
>>> print 'I am running Python %s on %s' % /
  (verchunks[0], sys.platform)
I am running Python 2.5.1 on win32




文件: import scrapy from demo1.items import Demo1Item import urllib from scrapy import log # BOSS直聘网站爬虫职位 class DemoSpider(scrapy.Spider): # 爬虫名, 启动爬虫时需要的参数*必填 name = 'demo' # 爬取域范围,允许爬虫在这个域名下进行爬取(可选) allowed_domains = ['zhipin.com'] # 爬虫需要的url start_urls = ['https://www.zhipin.com/c101280600/h_101280600/?query=测试'] def parse(self, response): node_list = response.xpath("//div[@class='job-primary']") # 用来存储所有的item字段 # items = [] for node in node_list: item = Demo1Item() # extract() 将xpath对象转换为Unicode字符串 href = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/@href").extract() job_title = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/div[@class='job-title']/text()").extract() salary = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']//a/span/text()").extract() working_place = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-primary']/p/text()").extract() company_name = node.xpath("./div[@class='info-company']//a/text()").extract() item['href'] = href[0] item['job_title'] = job_title[0] item['sa 报错: C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\python.exe "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\pydevconsole.py" --mode=client --port=55825 import sys; print('Python %s on %s' % (sys.version, sys.platform)) sys.path.extend(['C:\\Users\\xieqianyun\\demo1', 'C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1']) Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information IPython 7.10.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help. PyDev console: using IPython 7.10.0 Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 runfile('C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py', wdir='C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1') Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py", line 3319, in run_code exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns) File "<ipython-input-2-fc5979762143>", line 1, in <module> runfile('C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py', wdir='C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1') File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\_pydev_bundle\pydev_umd.py", line 197, in runfile pydev_imports.execfile(filename, global_vars, local_vars) # execute the script File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\PyCharm Community Edition 2019.2.5\helpers\pydev\_pydev_imps\_pydev_execfile.py", line 18, in execfile exec(compile(contents+"\n", file, 'exec'), glob, loc) File "C:/Users/xieqianyun/demo1/demo1/begin.py", line 3, in <module> cmdline.execute('scrapy crawl demo'.split()) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\cmdline.py", line 145, in execute cmd.crawler_process = CrawlerProcess(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 267, in __init__ super(CrawlerProcess, self).__init__(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 145, in __init__ self.spider_loader = _get_spider_loader(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\crawler.py", line 347, in _get_spider_loader return loader_cls.from_settings(settings.frozencopy()) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 61, in from_settings return cls(settings) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 25, in __init__ self._load_all_spiders() File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\spiderloader.py", line 47, in _load_all_spiders for module in walk_modules(name): File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\site-packages\scrapy\utils\misc.py", line 73, in walk_modules submod = import_module(fullpath) File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 126, in import_module return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level) File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 994, in _gcd_import File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 971, in _find_and_load File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 955, in _find_and_load_unlocked File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 665, in _load_unlocked File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 678, in exec_module File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 219, in _call_with_frames_removed File "C:\Users\xieqianyun\demo1\demo1\spiders\demo.py", line 4, in <module> from scrapy import log ImportError: cannot import name 'log'
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