Vagrant搭建LNMP开发环境
- 使用Vagrant开发环境之前必须明白
vagrant封装的镜像里面保存的东西是永久的,比如日志什么的.所以一旦磁盘满了之后很麻烦.
所以一般我都是用docker做开发环境
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自动创建镜像
通过vagrant官方镜像安装
可以通过命令自动安装,也可以去下载https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search
vagrant box add bento/ubuntu-16.04
或
这个也是16.04
vagrant box add ubuntu/xenial64
通过URL地址安装
vagrant box add URL
比如
通过本地镜像安装
这种方式,可以用别人发的.也可以在官网速度慢的时候,先下载下来, 再用这种方式在本地安装.
vagrant box add {box_name} {file_path}
手动创建镜像
来源:
https://github.com/mcandre/packer-templates
比较方便的方式是,直接把这个github里面的内容clone下来做即可.
首先需要安装 packer
Mac下安装
brew install packer
其他系统前往手动下载
https://www.packer.io/downloads.html
常用参数解读
这里只几下几个常用的,剩下的见名知意即可.
ubuntu-amd64
执行打包命令
packer build -force -only virtualbox-iso centos-amd64.json
打包命令所以来的脚本和配置文件
注意下面依赖三个bash脚本,这个三个进程是用来修改系统内部环境的脚本.
- fix-vagrant-ssh.ubuntu.sh
- fix-sudo.ubuntu.sh
- cleanup.ubuntu.sh
- fix-dhcp.ubuntu.sh 如果需要的话可以在provisioners的scripts中添加这个脚本
- 同时也需要一个Vagrantfile
如果下面的iso_url失效的话,可以去ubuntu官网(http://releases.ubuntu.com)替换为最新的URL地址
别忘了替换iso_checksum_url
如果觉得官方地址下载的慢,也可以替换为国内的163和阿里云等链接.
官方给的Vagrantfile,但是一般我都用自己配的那个
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
end
ubuntu-amd64.json
{
"variables": {
"vm_name": "ubuntu-amd64",
"iso_url": "http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/ubuntu-18.04.2-live-server-amd64.iso",
"iso_checksum_type": "sha256",
"iso_checksum_url": "http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04.2/SHA256SUMS",
"ssh_username": "vagrant",
"ssh_password": "vagrant",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "6h",
"disk_size_MB": "8000",
"ram_MiB": "1024",
"boot_wait": "60s",
"shutdown_command": "echo 'vagrant' | sudo -S halt -p"
},
"provisioners": [
{
"type": "shell",
"execute_command": "echo 'vagrant' | {{ .Vars }} sudo -ES sh {{.Path}}",
"scripts": [
"fix-vagrant-ssh.ubuntu.sh",
"fix-sudo.ubuntu.sh",
"cleanup.ubuntu.sh"
]
}
],
"post-processors": [
{
"type": "vagrant",
"output": "{{ user `vm_name` }}-{{.Provider}}.box",
"compression_level": "9",
"vagrantfile_template": "Vagrantfile"
}
],
"builders": [
{
"type": "virtualbox-iso",
"guest_os_type": "Ubuntu_64",
"vm_name": "{{ user `vm_name` }}",
"iso_url": "{{ user `iso_url` }}",
"iso_checksum_type": "{{ user `iso_checksum_type` }}",
"iso_checksum_url": "{{ user `iso_checksum_url` }}",
"ssh_username": "{{ user `ssh_username` }}",
"ssh_password": "{{ user `ssh_password` }}",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "{{ user `ssh_wait_timeout` }}",
"disk_size": "{{ user `disk_size_MB` }}",
"guest_additions_mode": "disable",
"virtualbox_version_file": "",
"vboxmanage": [ ["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--memory", "{{ user `ram_MiB` }}"] ],
"boot_wait": "{{ user `boot_wait` }}",
"boot_command": [
"<enter><wait>",
"<enter><wait10>",
"<enter><wait>",
"<enter><wait5>",
"<enter><wait>",
"<enter><wait>",
"<enter><wait>",
"<enter><wait>",
"<down><wait>",
"<enter><wait>",
"Vagrant<tab>",
"vagrant<tab>",
"{{ user `ssh_username` }}<tab>",
"{{ user `ssh_password` }}<tab>",
"{{ user `ssh_password` }}<tab>",
"<tab><enter>",
"<wait300>",
"<enter><wait10>",
"<enter>"
],
"shutdown_command": "{{ user `shutdown_command` }}"
}
]
}
fix-vagrant-ssh.ubuntu.sh
#!/bin/sh
apt-get update &&
apt-get install -y ca-certificates &&
mkdir -p /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
wget -O /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys https://raw.github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/master/keys/vagrant.pub &&
chown -R vagrant:vagrant /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
chmod 0700 /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
chmod 0600 /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys &&
apt-get purge -y ca-certificates
fix-sudo.ubuntu.sh
#!/bin/sh
sed -i -E -e 's/%sudo[[:space:]]+ALL=\(ALL:ALL\)[[:space:]]+ALL/%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL/' /etc/sudoers
cleanup.ubuntu.sh
#!/bin/sh
# Remove non-critical packages and clear cache
apt-mark manual openssh-server &&
apt-get purge -y \
tasksel \
tasksel-data \
task-laptop \
task-english \
bsdmainutils \
pciutils \
libx11-data \
xauth \
libxmuu1 \
libxcb1 \
libx11-6 \
libxext6 \
man-db \
nano \
whereami \
whiptail \
perl \
make-guile \
kbd \
keyboard-configuration \
lvm2 \
eject \
discover \
dmidecode \
tcpd \
busybox \
installation-report \
wget \
wireless-tools \
wpasupplicant &&
dpkg --list |
awk '{ print $2 }' |
grep -- '-dev' |
xargs apt-get purge -y &&
dpkg --list |
egrep 'linux-image-[0-9]' |
awk '{ print $3,$2 }' |
sort -nr |
tail -n +2 |
grep -v "$(uname -r)" |
awk '{ print $2 }' |
xargs apt-get purge -y &&
apt-get autoremove --purge -y &&
dpkg --list |
grep '^rc' |
awk '{ print $2 }' |
xargs apt-get purge -y &&
apt-get autoclean -y &&
apt-get clean -y &&
rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
/var/cache/apt/pkgcache.bin \
/var/cache/apt/srcpkgcache.bin
# Prevent scheduled apt executions from colliding with manual apt executions
systemctl disable apt-daily.service &&
systemctl disable apt-daily.timer
# Delete leftover documentation
find /usr/share/doc -depth -type f ! -name copyright |
xargs rm ||
echo 'Deleted non-copyright documentation' &&
find /usr/share/doc -empty |
xargs rmdir ||
echo 'Delted empty documentation' &&
rm -rf /usr/share/man/* \
/usr/share/groff/* \
/usr/share/info/* \
/usr/share/lintian/* \
/usr/share/linda/* \
/var/cache/man/*
# Clear network cache, help DHCP load, accelerate vagrant ssh, accelerate GRUB
mkdir /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules &&
rm -rf /dev/.udev \
/var/lib/dhcp/* \
/var/lib/dhcp3/* &&
echo 'pre-up sleep 2' >>/etc/network/interfaces &&
echo 'UseDNS no' >>/etc/ssh/sshd_config &&
sed -i 's/GRUB_TIMEOUT=5/GRUB_TIMEOUT=0/' /etc/default/grub &&
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# Clear log files
find /var/log -type f | xargs truncate -s 0
# Clear temporary files
rm -rf /tmp/*
# Shrink rootfs
count="$(df --sync -kP / | tail -n1 | awk -F ' ' '{ print $4 }')" &&
count="$(($count - 1))" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/whitespace bs=1024 count="$count" ||
echo 'Zeroed rootfs' &&
rm /tmp/whitespace
# Shrink boot partition
count="$(df --sync -kP /boot | tail -n1 | awk -F ' ' '{ print $4 }')" &&
count="$(($count - 1))" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/whitespace bs=1024 count="$count" ||
echo 'Zeroed boot partition' &&
rm /boot/whitespace
# Shrink swap space
swapuuid="$(/sbin/blkid -o value -l -s UUID -t TYPE=swap)" &&
swappart="$(readlink -f "/dev/disk/by-uuid/${swapuuid}")" &&
/sbin/swapoff "$swappart" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of="$swappart" bs=1M ||
echo 'Zeroed swap space' &&
/sbin/mkswap -U "$swapuuid" "$swappart"
# Shrink root partition and persist disks
dd if=/dev/zero of=/whitespace bs=1M ||
echo 'Zeroed disk' &&
rm -f /whitespace &&
sync
fix-dhcp.ubuntu.sh 如果需要也可以把这个脚本添加进去
#!/bin/sh
printf "#!/bin/sh\ndhclient\nexit 0\n" >>/etc/rc.local &&
chmod 0755 /etc/rc.local
centos-amd64
执行打包命令
packer build -force -only virtualbox-iso centos-amd64.json
打包命令所以来的脚本和配置文件
Vagrantfile
官方给的Vagrantfile,但是一般我都用自己配的那个
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
end
centos-amd64.json
{
"variables": {
"vm_name": "centos-amd64",
"iso_url": "http://mirrors.mit.edu/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1804.iso",
"iso_checksum_type": "sha256",
"iso_checksum_url": "http://mirrors.mit.edu/centos/7/isos/x86_64/sha256sum.txt",
"ssh_username": "vagrant",
"ssh_password": "vagrant",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "6h",
"disk_size_MB": "8000",
"ram_MiB": "1024",
"http_directory": "http",
"shutdown_command": "echo 'vagrant' | sudo -S halt -p"
},
"provisioners": [
{
"type": "shell",
"execute_command": "echo 'vagrant' | {{ .Vars }} sudo -ES sh {{.Path}}",
"scripts": [
"fix-vagrant-ssh.centos.sh",
"cleanup.centos.sh"
]
}
],
"post-processors": [
{
"type": "vagrant",
"output": "{{ user `vm_name` }}-{{.Provider}}.box",
"compression_level": "9",
"vagrantfile_template": "Vagrantfile"
}
],
"builders": [
{
"type": "virtualbox-iso",
"guest_os_type": "RedHat_64",
"vm_name": "{{ user `vm_name` }}",
"iso_url": "{{ user `iso_url` }}",
"iso_checksum_type": "{{ user `iso_checksum_type` }}",
"iso_checksum_url": "{{ user `iso_checksum_url` }}",
"ssh_username": "{{ user `ssh_username` }}",
"ssh_password": "{{ user `ssh_password` }}",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "{{ user `ssh_wait_timeout` }}",
"disk_size": "{{ user `disk_size_MB` }}",
"guest_additions_mode": "disable",
"virtualbox_version_file": "",
"vboxmanage": [ ["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--memory", "{{ user `ram_MiB` }}"] ],
"http_directory": "{{ user `http_directory` }}",
"boot_command": "<tab> ks=http://{{.HTTPIP}}:{{.HTTPPort}}/ks.cfg<enter>",
"shutdown_command": "{{ user `shutdown_command` }}"
}
]
}
cleanup.centos.sh
#!/bin/sh
# Clear log files
find /var/log -type f | xargs truncate -s 0
# Clear temporary files
rm -rf /tmp/*
# Shrink rootfs
count="$(df --sync -kP / | tail -n1 | awk -F ' ' '{ print $4 }')" &&
count="$(($count - 1))" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/whitespace bs=1024 count="$count" ||
echo 'Zeroed rootfs' &&
rm /tmp/whitespace
# Shrink boot partition
count="$(df --sync -kP /boot | tail -n1 | awk -F ' ' '{ print $4 }')" &&
count="$(($count - 1))" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of=/boot/whitespace bs=1024 count="$count" ||
echo 'Zeroed boot partition' &&
rm /boot/whitespace
# Shrink swap space
swapuuid="$(/sbin/blkid -o value -l -s UUID -t TYPE=swap)" &&
swappart="$(readlink -f "/dev/disk/by-uuid/${swapuuid}")" &&
/sbin/swapoff "$swappart" &&
dd if=/dev/zero of="$swappart" bs=1M ||
echo 'Zeroed swap space' &&
/sbin/mkswap -U "$swapuuid" "$swappart"
# Shrink root partition and persist disks
dd if=/dev/zero of=/whitespace bs=1M ||
echo 'Zeroed disk' &&
rm -f /whitespace &&
sync
fix-vagrant-ssh.centos.sh
#!/bin/sh
yum update -y &&
yum install -y wget &&
mkdir -p /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
wget -O /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys https://raw.github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/master/keys/vagrant.pub &&
chown -R vagrant:vagrant /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
chmod 0700 /home/vagrant/.ssh &&
chmod 0600 /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys &&
yum remove -y wget &&
yum clean all
centos-i386.json
同样需要上面centos的
- Vagrantfile
- cleanup.centos.sh
- fix-vagrant-ssh.centos.sh
{
"variables": {
"vm_name": "centos-i386",
"iso_url": "http://mirror.centos.org/altarch/7/isos/i386/CentOS-7-i386-Minimal-1804.iso",
"iso_checksum_type": "sha256",
"iso_checksum_url": "http://mirror.centos.org/altarch/7/isos/i386/sha256sum.txt",
"ssh_username": "vagrant",
"ssh_password": "vagrant",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "6h",
"disk_size_MB": "8000",
"ram_MiB": "1024",
"http_directory": "http",
"shutdown_command": "echo 'vagrant' | sudo -S halt -p"
},
"provisioners": [
{
"type": "shell",
"execute_command": "echo 'vagrant' | {{ .Vars }} sudo -ES sh {{.Path}}",
"scripts": [
"fix-vagrant-ssh.centos.sh",
"cleanup.centos.sh"
]
}
],
"post-processors": [
{
"type": "vagrant",
"output": "{{ user `vm_name` }}-{{.Provider}}.box",
"compression_level": "9",
"vagrantfile_template": "Vagrantfile"
}
],
"builders": [
{
"type": "virtualbox-iso",
"guest_os_type": "RedHat",
"vm_name": "{{ user `vm_name` }}",
"iso_url": "{{ user `iso_url` }}",
"iso_checksum_type": "{{ user `iso_checksum_type` }}",
"iso_checksum_url": "{{ user `iso_checksum_url` }}",
"ssh_username": "{{ user `ssh_username` }}",
"ssh_password": "{{ user `ssh_password` }}",
"ssh_wait_timeout": "{{ user `ssh_wait_timeout` }}",
"disk_size": "{{ user `disk_size_MB` }}",
"guest_additions_mode": "disable",
"virtualbox_version_file": "",
"vboxmanage": [ ["modifyvm", "{{.Name}}", "--memory", "{{ user `ram_MiB` }}"] ],
"http_directory": "{{ user `http_directory` }}",
"boot_command": "<tab> ks=http://{{.HTTPIP}}:{{.HTTPPort}}/ks.cfg<enter>",
"shutdown_command": "{{ user `shutdown_command` }}"
}
]
}
准备 Vagrantfile
注意这里也是需要 Vagrantfile 的
这是官方的github推荐的, 但是一般我都用那个我自己配置的.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
end
开始打包
packer build -only=virtualbox-iso ubuntu-16.04-amd64.json
用 virtualBox 虚拟机导出的方式创建vagrant的box镜像
查看 virtualBox 都有什么镜像
vboxmanage list vms
通过得到的虚拟机镜像名称导出镜像为vagrant的box镜像
–-base代表本地- Ubuntu-Server16.04 是你要导出的box的名称
- –output代表导出
- ./Ubuntu16.04.box 表示导出后的box名为Ubuntu.box ，并保存在当前目录下
vagrant package -–base Ubuntu-Server16.04 –output ./Ubuntu.box
vagrant的安装部署
- 安装 VirtualBox
虚拟机还是得依靠 VirtualBox 来搭建，免费小巧。 下载地址：https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
提示：虽然 Vagrant 也支持 VMware，不过 VMware 是收费的，对应的 Vagrant 版本也是收费的
- 安装 Vagrant 并添加镜像
下载地址：https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html 根据提示一步步安装。
装好以后运行 vagrant box add hashicorp/precise64
添加 Vagrant 官方的 box 镜像。这时将从官网下载名为 hashicorp/precise64 的 box，可能需要等待一段时间。
如果你要其他系统的镜像，可以来这里查询下载：https://atlas.hashicorp.com/boxes/search
提示：如果你因为网络原因添加不了上面的镜像，可以用工具将这些 box 下载下来（下载地址），参照后文的“打包分发”部分进行添加
- 初始化开发环境 创建一个开发目录（比如：~/dev），你也可以使用已有的目录，切换到开发目录里，用 hashicorp/precise64 镜像初始化当前目录的环境：
$ cd ~/dev # 切换目录
$ vagrant init hashicorp/precise64 # 用 hashicorp/precise64 进行 box 初始化
$ vagrant up # 启动环境
# vagrant up 的时候会输出相关信息,包含ssh连接地址和用户名密码等
# default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
# default: SSH username: vagrant
# default: SSH auth method: password
你会看到终端显示了启动过程，启动完成后，我们就可以用 SSH 登录虚拟机了，剩下的步骤就是在虚拟机里配置你要运行的各种环境和参数了。
$ vagrant ssh # SSH 登录
$ cd /vagrant # 切换到开发目录，也就是宿主机上的 `~/dev`
~/dev 目录对应虚拟机中的目录是 /vagrant
- Windows 用户注意：Windows 终端并不支持 ssh，所以需要安装第三方 SSH 客户端，比如：Putty、Cygwin 等。
打包分发
当你配置好开发环境后，退出并关闭虚拟机。在终端里对开发环境进行打包：
$ vagrant package
打包完成后会在当前目录生成一个 package.box 的文件，将这个文件传给其他用户，其他用户只要添加这个 box 并用其初始化自己的开发目录就能得到一个一模一样的开发环境了。
添加方法：
假设我们拿到的 box 存放路径是 ~/box/package.box，在终端里输入：
必要的时候比如要强制覆盖当前已有名字的镜像时可以使用--force命令
$ vagrant box add hahaha ~/box/package.box # 添加 package.box 镜像并命名为 hahaha
$ cd ~/dev # 切换到项目目录
$ vagrant init hahaha # 用 hahaha 镜像初始化
其他设置 Vagrant 初始化成功后，会在初始化的目录里生成一个 Vagrantfile 的配置文件，可以修改配置文件进行个性化的定制。
Vagrant 默认是使用端口映射方式将虚拟机的端口映射本地从而实现类似 http://localhost:80 这种访问方式，这种方式比较麻烦，新开和修改端口的时候都得编辑。相比较而言，host-only 模式显得方便多了。打开 Vagrantfile，将下面这行的注释去掉（移除 #）并保存：
config.vm.network :private_network, ip: "192.168.33.10"
重启虚拟机，这样我们就能用 192.168.33.10 访问这台机器了，你可以把 IP 改成其他地址，只要不产生冲突就行。
常用命令
# vagrant up 的时候会输出相关信息,包含ssh连接地址和用户名密码等
# default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
# default: SSH username: vagrant
# default: SSH auth method: password
$ vagrant init # 初始化
$ vagrant up # 启动虚拟机
$ vagrant halt # 关闭虚拟机
$ vagrant reload # 重启虚拟机
$ vagrant ssh # SSH 至虚拟机
$ vagrant status # 查看虚拟机运行状态
$ vagrant destroy # 销毁当前虚拟机
$ vagrant box add # 添加镜像 可以使用--force强行覆盖已存在的重名镜像
$ vagrant box list # 查看已添加的所有镜像
$ vagrant box outdated
$ vagrant box prune # 删除已安装的老旧镜像
$ vagrant box remove # 删除指定的镜像
$ vagrant box repackage
$ vagrant box update
Vagrantfile配置文件常用参数解读
Vagrantfile
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
# https://docs.vagrantup.com.
# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
# boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
# 镜像名称
config.vm.box = "box文件文件名"
# ssh用户名
config.ssh.username = "vagrant"
# ssh密码
config.ssh.password = "vagrant"
# 设置为私有网络, 仅限宿主机访问
#config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "10.10.1.8"
# 设置为共有公网,限局域网所有人可访问,后面不写IP,代表自动生成IP
config.vm.network "public_network"
# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
# config.vm.box_check_update = false
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
# NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
# via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
# using a specific IP.
# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
# your network.
# config.vm.network "public_network"
# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
# argument is a set of non-required options.
# config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"
# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
# Example for VirtualBox:
#
# config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
# # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
# vb.gui = true
#
# # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
# vb.memory = "1024"
# end
#
# View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
# information on available options.
# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
# Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
# config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
# apt-get update
# apt-get install -y apache2
# SHELL
end
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