安装方法
pip install --upgrade redis代码文件
/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/redis长短连接
短链接
客户端向服务端发送请求,服务端收到请求,双方建立连接,客户端给服务端发送消息,服务端回应客户端,然后一次读写就完成了,这时双方任何一个都可以发送关闭请求,不过一般是客户端,短链接管理起来比较方便,存在的连接都是有用的,不需要额外的控制手段
长连接
客户端向服务端发送请求,服务器接收客户端请求,双方建立连接,客户端和服务端之间完成一次读写之后,它们之间的的连接不会主动关闭,后续的操作会继续使用这个连接,但是一旦开启此连接将不会主动断开,除非客户端挂掉/主动断开,但是服务端依然保持半开式连接等待客户端数据,长用TCP保活功能keepalive和超时时间timeout来关闭这些半开式连接
连接池原理
一个数据库连接对象均为一个物理数据库连接,每次操作都打开一个物理连接,使用完后都关闭连接,这样会造成系统的性能低下,数据库连接池的解决方案是在应用程序启动时建立足够多的数据库连接,并将这些连接放在一个连接池中,由应用程序动态对池中的连接进行申请,使用和释放,对于多余连接池中连接数的并发请求,会放在请求中排列等待,并且应用程序可以根据连接池中的连接使用率,动态的增加或是减少池中的连接数,连接池技术尽可能多地重用了消耗内存的资源(避免了重复性的连接关闭的消耗),大大节省了内存,提高了服务效率,支持更多的客户端,同时可以通过其自身的管理机制来监视数据库的连接数和使用情况
1.最小连接数是连接池一直保持的数据库连接,所以所有应用程序对数据库连接的使用量不大,将会造成大量的数据库连接资源被浪费
2.最大连接数是连接池能申请的最大连接数,如果数据库连接请求超过此数,后面的请求将被加入到等待队列,这会影响之后的数据库操作
源码剖析
/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/redis/client.py
# Redis是StrictRedis的子类
class Redis(StrictRedis):
"""
Provides backwards compatibility with older versions of redis-py that
changed arguments to some commands to be more Pythonic, sane, or by
accident.
"""说明:从如上代码可以看出Redis是StrictRedis的子类,两个类下的方法类似,后者用于实现大部分官方的命令,而前者为了向后兼容旧版模块儿,所以官方推荐使用StrictRedis,Redis子类下的LREM/ZADD/SETEX绝对是个坑~要么自己尝试,要么乖乖用StrictRedis~
# StrictRedis基类
class StrictRedis(object):
"""
Implementation of the Redis protocol.
This abstract class provides a Python interface to all Redis commands
and an implementation of the Redis protocol.
Connection and Pipeline derive from this, implementing how
the commands are sent and received to the Redis server
"""
def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=6379,
db=0, password=None, socket_timeout=None,
socket_connect_timeout=None,
socket_keepalive=None, socket_keepalive_options=None,
connection_pool=None, unix_socket_path=None,
encoding='utf-8', encoding_errors='strict',
charset=None, errors=None,
decode_responses=False, retry_on_timeout=False,
ssl=False, ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None,
ssl_cert_reqs=None, ssl_ca_certs=None):
# 如果connection_pool没有定义的话就尝试获取其它设置后并重新创建连接池
if not connection_pool:
if charset is not None:
warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(
'"charset" is deprecated. Use "encoding" instead'))
encoding = charset
if errors is not None:
warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(
'"errors" is deprecated. Use "encoding_errors" instead'))
encoding_errors = errors
kwargs = {
'db': db,
'password': password,
'socket_timeout': socket_timeout,
'encoding': encoding,
'encoding_errors': encoding_errors,
'decode_responses': decode_responses,
'retry_on_timeout': retry_on_timeout
}
# based on input, setup appropriate connection args
if unix_socket_path is not None:
kwargs.update({
'path': unix_socket_path,
'connection_class': UnixDomainSocketConnection
})
else:
# TCP specific options
kwargs.update({
'host': host,
'port': port,
'socket_connect_timeout': socket_connect_timeout,
'socket_keepalive': socket_keepalive,
'socket_keepalive_options': socket_keepalive_options,
})
if ssl:
kwargs.update({
'connection_class': SSLConnection,
'ssl_keyfile': ssl_keyfile,
'ssl_certfile': ssl_certfile,
'ssl_cert_reqs': ssl_cert_reqs,
'ssl_ca_certs': ssl_ca_certs,
})
connection_pool = ConnectionPool(**kwargs)
# 如果没有已经创建连接池则使用已经创建的连接池如果没有连接池则默认也会创建连接池
self.connection_pool = connection_pool
self._use_lua_lock = None
self.response_callbacks = self.__class__.RESPONSE_CALLBACKS.copy()
# COMMAND EXECUTION AND PROTOCOL PARSING
def execute_command(self, *args, **options):
"Execute a command and return a parsed response"
pool = self.connection_pool
command_name = args[0]
# 从连接池中获取连接执行command_name
connection = pool.get_connection(command_name, **options)
try:
connection.send_command(*args)
return self.parse_response(connection, command_name, **options)
except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
connection.disconnect()
if not connection.retry_on_timeout and isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
raise
connection.send_command(*args)
return self.parse_response(connection, command_name, **options)
finally:
pool.release(connection)/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/redis/connection.py:
# 创建连接池类
class ConnectionPool(object):
"Generic connection pool"
@classmethod
def from_url(cls, url, db=None, **kwargs):
"""
Return a connection pool configured from the given URL.
For example::
redis://[:password]@localhost:6379/0
rediss://[:password]@localhost:6379/0
unix://[:password]@/path/to/socket.sock?db=0
Three URL schemes are supported:
redis:// creates a normal TCP socket connection
rediss:// creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection
unix:// creates a Unix Domain Socket connection
There are several ways to specify a database number. The parse function
will return the first specified option:
1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
2. If using the redis:// scheme, the path argument of the url, e.g.
redis://localhost/0
3. The ``db`` argument to this function.
If none of these options are specified, db=0 is used.
Any additional querystring arguments and keyword arguments will be
passed along to the ConnectionPool class's initializer. In the case
of conflicting arguments, querystring arguments always win.
"""
def __init__(self, connection_class=Connection, max_connections=None,
**connection_kwargs):
"""
Create a connection pool. If max_connections is set, then this
object raises redis.ConnectionError when the pool's limit is reached.
By default, TCP connections are created connection_class is specified.
Use redis.UnixDomainSocketConnection for unix sockets.
Any additional keyword arguments are passed to the constructor of
connection_class.
"""
# 最大连接数默认为62
max_connections = max_connections or 2 ** 31
if not isinstance(max_connections, (int, long)) or max_connections < 0:
raise ValueError('"max_connections" must be a positive integer')
self.connection_class = connection_class
self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
self.max_connections = max_connections
# 初始化线程池
self.reset()
def __repr__(self):
return "%s<%s>" % (
type(self).__name__,
self.connection_class.description_format % self.connection_kwargs,
)
# 初始化线程池
def reset(self):
# 获取当前的进程号,后面判断进程是否挂掉
self.pid = os.getpid()
# 存放已经创建的连接(计数)
self._created_connections = 0
# 存放可用的连接对象(列表)
self._available_connections = []
# 存放正在使用的连接对象(集合)
self._in_use_connections = set()
# 创建线程锁
self._check_lock = threading.Lock()
def _checkpid(self):
if self.pid != os.getpid():
with self._check_lock:
if self.pid == os.getpid():
# another thread already did the work while we waited
# on the lock.
return
self.disconnect()
self.reset()
# 从连接池中获取连接
def get_connection(self, command_name, *keys, **options):
"Get a connection from the pool"
self._checkpid()
try:
# 从连接池中pop出一个连接对象
connection = self._available_connections.pop()
except IndexError:
# 如果连接池中已经没有连接的话重新创建连接
connection = self.make_connection()
# 当前正在使用的连接集合中添加此连接
self._in_use_connections.add(connection)
# 并返回此连接对象
return connection
# 创建连接
def make_connection(self):
"Create a new connection"
# 如果大于最大连接数则抛出异常
if self._created_connections >= self.max_connections:
raise ConnectionError("Too many connections")
# 否则创建的连接数++
self._created_connections += 1
# 利用创建连接类实例化一个连接
return self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
# 释放连接
def release(self, connection):
"Releases the connection back to the pool"
self._checkpid()
if connection.pid != self.pid:
return
# 并没有关闭连接而是从在使用的连接列表中删除此连接,回收连接对象
self._in_use_connections.remove(connection)
# 可用连接就回收了一个连接对象
self._available_connections.append(connection)
# 关闭连接
def disconnect(self):
"Disconnects all connections in the pool"
# 关联获取所有可迭代对象获取所有连接对象
all_conns = chain(self._available_connections,
self._in_use_connections)
# 便历关闭所有连接
for connection in all_conns:
connection.disconnect()# 创建连接类
class Connection(object):
"Manages TCP communication to and from a Redis server"
description_format = "Connection<host=%(host)s,port=%(port)s,db=%(db)s>"
def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=6379, db=0, password=None,
socket_timeout=None, socket_connect_timeout=None,
socket_keepalive=False, socket_keepalive_options=None,
retry_on_timeout=False, encoding='utf-8',
encoding_errors='strict', decode_responses=False,
parser_class=DefaultParser, socket_read_size=65536):
self.pid = os.getpid()
self.host = host
self.port = int(port)
self.db = db
self.password = password
self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
self.socket_connect_timeout = socket_connect_timeout or socket_timeout
self.socket_keepalive = socket_keepalive
self.socket_keepalive_options = socket_keepalive_options or {}
self.retry_on_timeout = retry_on_timeout
self.encoding = encoding
self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
self.decode_responses = decode_responses
self._sock = None
self._parser = parser_class(socket_read_size=socket_read_size)
self._description_args = {
'host': self.host,
'port': self.port,
'db': self.db,
}
self._connect_callbacks = []
def __repr__(self):
return self.description_format % self._description_args
# 对象删除时调用disconnect方法关闭对象
def __del__(self):
try:
self.disconnect()
except Exception:
pass
def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
self._connect_callbacks.append(callback)
def clear_connect_callbacks(self):
self._connect_callbacks = []
# 核心的连接方法还是通过socket模块儿实现
def connect(self):
"Connects to the Redis server if not already connected"
if self._sock:
return
try:
# 私有方法创建连接
sock = self._connect()
except socket.error:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e))
self._sock = sock
try:
self.on_connect()
except RedisError:
# clean up after any error in on_connect
self.disconnect()
raise
# run any user callbacks. right now the only internal callback
# is for pubsub channel/pattern resubscription
for callback in self._connect_callbacks:
callback(self)
# 创建tcp socket
def _connect(self):
"Create a TCP socket connection"
# we want to mimic what socket.create_connection does to support
# ipv4/ipv6, but we want to set options prior to calling
# socket.connect()
err = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(self.host, self.port, 0,
socket.SOCK_STREAM):
family, socktype, proto, canonname, socket_address = res
sock = None
try:
sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
# TCP_NODELAY
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
# TCP_KEEPALIVE
# 默认使用的是短连接,设置socket_keepalive=True保持长连接
if self.socket_keepalive:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
for k, v in iteritems(self.socket_keepalive_options):
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_TCP, k, v)
# 设置超市时间,默认不设置为阻塞模式
# set the socket_connect_timeout before we connect
sock.settimeout(self.socket_connect_timeout)
# connect
sock.connect(socket_address)
# set the socket_timeout now that we're connected
sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
return sock
except socket.error as _:
err = _
if sock is not None:
sock.close()
if err is not None:
raise err
raise socket.error("socket.getaddrinfo returned an empty list")
def _error_message(self, exception):
# args for socket.error can either be (errno, "message")
# or just "message"
if len(exception.args) == 1:
return "Error connecting to %s:%s. %s." % \
(self.host, self.port, exception.args[0])
else:
return "Error %s connecting to %s:%s. %s." % \
(exception.args[0], self.host, self.port, exception.args[1])
def on_connect(self):
"Initialize the connection, authenticate and select a database"
self._parser.on_connect(self)
# if a password is specified, authenticate
if self.password:
self.send_command('AUTH', self.password)
if nativestr(self.read_response()) != 'OK':
raise AuthenticationError('Invalid Password')
# if a database is specified, switch to it
if self.db:
self.send_command('SELECT', self.db)
if nativestr(self.read_response()) != 'OK':
raise ConnectionError('Invalid Database')
# 关闭连接
def disconnect(self):
"Disconnects from the Redis server"
self._parser.on_disconnect()
if self._sock is None:
return
try:
# 先shutdown然后再close
self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
self._sock.close()
except socket.error:
pass
self._sock = None
def send_packed_command(self, command):
"Send an already packed command to the Redis server"
if not self._sock:
self.connect()
try:
if isinstance(command, str):
command = [command]
for item in command:
self._sock.sendall(item)
except socket.timeout:
self.disconnect()
raise TimeoutError("Timeout writing to socket")
except socket.error:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
self.disconnect()
if len(e.args) == 1:
_errno, errmsg = 'UNKNOWN', e.args[0]
else:
_errno, errmsg = e.args
raise ConnectionError("Error %s while writing to socket. %s." %
(_errno, errmsg))
except:
self.disconnect()
raise
def send_command(self, *args):
"Pack and send a command to the Redis server"
self.send_packed_command(self.pack_command(*args))
def can_read(self):
"Poll the socket to see if there's data that can be read."
sock = self._sock
if not sock:
self.connect()
sock = self._sock
return bool(select([sock], [], [], 0)[0]) or self._parser.can_read()
def read_response(self):
"Read the response from a previously sent command"
try:
response = self._parser.read_response()
except:
self.disconnect()
raise
if isinstance(response, ResponseError):
raise response
return response
def encode(self, value):
"Return a bytestring representation of the value"
if isinstance(value, Token):
return b(value.value)
elif isinstance(value, bytes):
return value
elif isinstance(value, (int, long)):
value = b(str(value))
elif isinstance(value, float):
value = b(repr(value))
elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
value = str(value)
if isinstance(value, unicode):
value = value.encode(self.encoding, self.encoding_errors)
return value
def pack_command(self, *args):
"Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"
output = []
# the client might have included 1 or more literal arguments in
# the command name, e.g., 'CONFIG GET'. The Redis server expects these
# arguments to be sent separately, so split the first argument
# manually. All of these arguements get wrapped in the Token class
# to prevent them from being encoded.
command = args[0]
if ' ' in command:
args = tuple([Token(s) for s in command.split(' ')]) + args[1:]
else:
args = (Token(command),) + args[1:]
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
(SYM_STAR, b(str(len(args))), SYM_CRLF))
for arg in imap(self.encode, args):
# to avoid large string mallocs, chunk the command into the
# output list if we're sending large values
if len(buff) > 6000 or len(arg) > 6000:
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
(buff, SYM_DOLLAR, b(str(len(arg))), SYM_CRLF))
output.append(buff)
output.append(arg)
buff = SYM_CRLF
else:
buff = SYM_EMPTY.join((buff, SYM_DOLLAR, b(str(len(arg))),
SYM_CRLF, arg, SYM_CRLF))
output.append(buff)
return output
def pack_commands(self, commands):
"Pack multiple commands into the Redis protocol"
output = []
pieces = []
buffer_length = 0
for cmd in commands:
for chunk in self.pack_command(*cmd):
pieces.append(chunk)
buffer_length += len(chunk)
if buffer_length > 6000:
output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
buffer_length = 0
pieces = []
if pieces:
output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
return output总结说明
1.默认情况下每创建一个Redis实例都会构造出一个ConnectionPool实例,每一次redis都会从这个连接池中拿到一个连接,操作完成后把该连接放回连接池(连接并没有释放)
2.可以构造一个ConnectionPool,在创建实例时,可以将ConnectionPool传入,后续的操作将会从给定的ConnectionPool获得连接,不会再重复创建ConnectionPool
3.如果不考虑底层TCP的情况,连接池中的连接会在ConnectionPool.disconnect中统一销毁
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