Java的原子性&&可见性&&有序性
在讲锁之前,我们需要先知道什么是原子性,可见性和有序性。原子性,原子(atom)指化学反应不可再分的基本微粒,原子性的意思就是一个操作或者是一组操作在执行的过程中,要么都成功,要么都失败。可见性,是指一个变量,被一个线程修改了,那么其他线程能马上感知到修改的数据。有序性,是指程序执行的先后顺序,在Java的内存模型中,允许编译器和处理器对指令的重排序,重排序不会影响单线程的运行结果,当会影响多线程并发执行的正确性。
synchronized
对非NULL的对象加锁,当作用于方法时,其实是对对象(object)加锁,多个线程访问时,只能运行一个线程访问synchronized加锁的方法,无论是不是同一个方法,当作用于静态方法时是对类(class)加锁,只允许一个线程执行同一类的静态方法,当作用于实例方法中的同步块时,同一时刻只允许一个线程对同步块里面的对象加锁,当作用于静态方法中的同步块时,同一时刻只允许一个线程对同步块里面的类加锁。
Look
相对于synchronized基于JVM,Look属于程序控制,相比之下会更加灵活。一般使用ReentrantLock(重入锁)和ReentrantReadWriteLock(读写锁)这两种方式
类别 | synchronized | Lock |
---|---|---|
存在层次 | Java的关键字,在jvm层面上 | 是一个类 |
锁的释放 | 1、以获取锁的线程执行完同步代码,释放锁 2、线程执行发生异常,jvm会让线程释放锁 | 在finally中必须释放锁,不然容易造成线程死锁 |
锁的获取 | 假设A线程获得锁,B线程等待。如果A线程阻塞,B线程会一直等待 | 分情况而定,Lock有多个锁获取的方式,大致就是可以尝试获得锁,线程可以不用一直等待 |
锁状态 | 无法判断 | 可以判断 |
锁类型 | 可重入 不可中断 非公平 | 可重入 可判断 可公平(两者皆可) |
性能 | 少量同步 | 大量同步 |
ReentrantLock
下面举一个例子:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class TestLook{
private int ticket = 1000;
private ReentrantLock look = new ReentrantLock();
public void get() {
try {
look.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "加锁");
ticket--;
System.out.println("ticket:" + ticket);
} finally {
look.unlock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "解锁");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLook look = new TestLook();
TicketThread t = new TicketThread(look);
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
Thread a = new Thread(t);
a.start();
}
}
}
class TicketThread implements Runnable{
private TestLook testLook;
public TicketThread(TestLook testLook) {
this.testLook = testLook;
}
@Override
public void run() {
testLook.get();
}
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock
读写锁,可以减少锁的竞争,提高系统性能
读写锁的访问约束:
- 读-读不互斥:读读之间不阻塞
- 读-写互斥:读堵塞写,写也阻塞读
- 写-写互斥:写写阻塞
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock;
public class TestReentrantReadWriteLook {
private int ticket = 1000;
private ReentrantReadWriteLock look = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private ReadLock readLook = look.readLock();
private WriteLock writeLook = look.writeLock();
public void get() {
try {
writeLook.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "加锁");
ticket--;
System.out.println("get ticket:" + ticket);
} finally {
writeLook.unlock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "解锁");
}
}
public void query() {
try {
readLook.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "加锁");
System.out.println("query ticket:" + ticket);
} finally {
readLook.unlock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "解锁");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestReentrantReadWriteLook look = new TestReentrantReadWriteLook();
TicketThread1 t1 = new TicketThread1(look);
TicketThread2 t2 = new TicketThread2(look);
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
Thread a1 = new Thread(t1);
a1.start();
}
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
Thread a2 = new Thread(t2);
a2.start();
}
}
}
class TicketThread1 implements Runnable{
private TestReentrantReadWriteLook testLook;
public TicketThread1(TestReentrantReadWriteLook testLook) {
this.testLook = testLook;
}
@Override
public void run() {
testLook.get();
}
}
class TicketThread2 implements Runnable{
private TestReentrantReadWriteLook testLook;
public TicketThread2(TestReentrantReadWriteLook look) {
this.testLook = look;
}
@Override
public void run() {
testLook.query();
}
}