二进制安装MySQL
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包 [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src [root@localhost src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz --2022-07-27 10:56:13-- (try: 4) ······ mysql-5.7.38-linux- 100%[+++++++++++++++++==>] 643.57M 1.3/s in 98s 2022-07-27 09:12:34 (1.07 MB/s) - 'mysql-test-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-i686.tar.gz' saved [34165842/34165842] //创建用户和组 [root@localhost src]# groupadd -r mysql [root@localhost src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql //解压软件之/usr/local/ [root@localhost src]# ls debug kernels mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@localhost src]# ls /usr/local/ bin games lib libexec sbin src etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share [root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/ [root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql 'mysql' -> 'mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/' [root@localhost local]# ll total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 lib drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 17 Jul 18 09:57 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 Jul 27 11:04 mysql -> mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 129 Jul 27 11:01 mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Jul 18 09:57 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 22 2021 src [root@localhost local]# //修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组 [root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql [root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 Jul 27 11:04 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.38-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ //添加环境变量 [root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql LICENSE README bin docs include lib man share support-files [root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH /usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin //建立数据存放目录 [root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql [root@localhost mysql]# mkdir /opt/data [root@localhost mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/ [root@localhost mysql]# ll /opt/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 Jul 27 11:08 data [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/ //初始化数据库 2022-07-27T03:09:47.907309Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2022-07-27T03:09:48.108650Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2022-07-27T03:09:48.159816Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.255246Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 92af17ed-0d59-11ed-aa71-000c29eef386. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.256267Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.566406Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.566420Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.566754Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed. 2022-07-27T03:09:48.696720Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: brh#G1dyvis [root@localhost ~]# //请注意,这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码,此处密码是brh#G1dyvis [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] //生成配置文件 basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve sql-mode = STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld //配置服务启动脚本 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld ...... basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/opt/data //启动mysql [root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err'. SUCCESS! [root@localhost ~]# ps -ef |grep mysql root 208014 1 0 11:16 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid mysql 208252 208014 2 11:16 pts/0 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=localhost.localdomain.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306 root 208791 1238 0 11:17 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql [root@localhost ~]# ss -anlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* //修改密码,使用临时密码登录 [root@localhost ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.38 Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> //如果登录报错,需要使用命令:yum install ncurses-compat-libs就可以解决了 //设置新密码 mysql> set password = password('wangquan'); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql配置文件
mysql`的配置文件为`/etc/my.cnf
配置文件查找次序:若在多个配置文件中均有设定,则最后找到的最终生效
/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FILE --> ~/.my.cnf
mysql常用配置文件参数:
参数 | 说明 |
---|---|
端口 = 3306 | 设置监听端口 |
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock | 指定套接字文件位置 |
basedir = /usr/local/mysql | 指定MySQL的安装路径 |
datadir = /data/mysql | 指定MySQL的数据存放路径 |
pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid | 指定进程ID文件存放路径 |
user = mysql | 指定MySQL以什么用户的身份提供服务 |
跳过名称解析 | 禁止MySQL对外部连接进行DNS解析 使用这一选项可以消除MySQL进行DNS解析的时间。 若开启该选项,则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用IP地址方 式否则MySQL将无法正常处理连接请求 |
数据库免密登录
[root@localhost ~]# vim .my.cnf [root@localhost ~]# cat .my.cnf [client] user=root password=wangquan [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
数据库密码破解
//修改配置文件 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf skip-grant-tables //跳过所有授权表 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart //重启mysql服务 Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! //登入mysql修改密码 [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; //查看当前数据库 +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> use mysql; //进入mysql Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> show tables; //查看当前表 +---------------------------+ | Tables_in_mysql | +---------------------------+ | columns_priv | | db | ······ mysql> select * from user\G; //以列的方式查看user表 *************************** 1. row *************************** Host: localhost User: root Select_priv: Y ······ plugin: mysql_native_password authentication_string: *9C6D2CC3C59040B6A178DE675CC988EA81F0C84C //找到加密后的密码字段 password_expired: N password_last_changed: 2022-07-27 11:27:54 password_lifetime: NULL account_locked: N mysql> update user set authentication_string = password('quanwang') where User = 'root' and Host = 'localhost'; Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 1 mysql> exit Bye //编辑配置文件 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf skip-grant-tables //删除此行 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart //重启服务 Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! //使用新密码登录测试 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pquanwang mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
多表联合查询
什么是多表联合查询
前面所讲的查询语句都是针对一个表的,但是在关系型数据库中,表与表之间是有联系的,所以在实际应用中,经常使用多表查询。多表查询就是同时查询两个或两个以上的表。 在 MySQL 中,多表查询主要有交叉连接、内连接、外连接、分组查询与子查询等5种。
交叉连接
笛卡尔积
交叉连接(CROSS JOIN):有两种,显式的和隐式的2种,一般用来返回连接表的笛卡尔积。 笛卡尔积(笛卡尔积)是指两个集合 X 和 Y 的乘积。 例如,有 A 和 B 两个集合,它们的值如下:
A = {1,2} B = {3,4,5}
集合 A×B 和 B×A 的结果集分别表示为:
A×B={(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5) }; B×A={(3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (5,1), (5,2) };
以上 A×B 和 B×A 的结果就叫做两个集合的笛卡尔积。
并且,从以上结果我们可以看出:
-
两个集合相乘,不满足交换率,即 A×B≠B×A。
-
A 集合和 B 集合的笛卡尔积是 A 集合的元素个数 × B 集合的元素个数。
多表查询遵循的算法就是以上提到的笛卡尔积,表与表之间的连接可以看成是在做乘法运算。在实际应用中,应避免使用笛卡尔积,因为笛卡尔积中容易存在大量的不合理数据,简单来说就是容易导致查询结果重复、混乱。
交叉连接
交叉连接的语法格式如下:
SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1> CROSS JOIN <表2> [WHERE子句];
或
SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1>, <表2> [WHERE子句];
语法说明如下:
-
字段名:需要查询的字段名称。
-
<表1><表2>:需要交叉连接的表名。
-
WHERE 子句:用来设置交叉连接的查询条件。
注意:多个表交叉连接时,在 FROM 后连续使用 CROSS JOIN 或,即可。以上两种语法的返回结果是相同的,但是第一种语法才是官方建议的标准写法。
当连接的表之间没有关系时,我们会省略掉 WHERE 子句,这时返回结果就是两个表的笛卡尔积,返回结果数量就是两个表的数据行相乘。需要注意的是,如果每个表有 1000 行,那么返回结果的数量就有 1000×1000 = 1000000 行,数据量是非常巨大的。
交叉连接可以查询两个或两个以上的表,为了更好的理解,我们就讲解两个表的交叉连接查询。 例 1 查询学生信息表和科目信息表,并得到一个笛卡尔积。
为了方便观察学生信息表和科目表交叉连接后的运行结果,我们先分别查询出这两个表的数据,再进行交叉连接查询。
1)查询 tb_students_info 表中的数据,SQL 语句和运行结果如下:
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database jiaocha; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> use jiaocha; Database changed mysql> create table tb_students_info(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint,sex varchar(4),height float,course_id int); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> desc tb_students_info; +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | varchar(4) | YES | | NULL | | | height | float | YES | | NULL | | | course_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 6 rows in set (0.06 sec) mysql> insert tb_students_info(name,age,sex,height,course_id) values('Dany',25,'nan',160,1),('Green',23,'nan',158,2),('Henry ',23,'nv',185,1),('Jane',22,'nan',12,3),('Jim',24,'nv',175,2),('john',21,'nv',172,4),('Lilyi',22,'nan',165,4),('Suan',23,'nan',170,5),('Thomas',22,'nv',178,5),( 'Tom',23,'nv',165,5);Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tb_students_info; +----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | +----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | 21 | Dany | 25 | nan | 160 | 1 | | 22 | Green | 23 | nan | 158 | 2 | | 23 | Henry | 23 | nv | 185 | 1 | | 24 | Jane | 22 | nan | 12 | 3 | | 25 | Jim | 24 | nv | 175 | 2 | | 26 | john | 21 | nv | 172 | 4 | | 27 | Lilyi | 22 | nan | 165 | 4 | | 28 | Suan | 23 | nan | 170 | 5 | | 29 | Thomas | 22 | nv | 178 | 5 | | 30 | Tom | 23 | nv | 165 | 5 | +----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)查询 tb_course 表中的数据,SQL 语句和运行结果如下:
mysql> create table tb_course (id int not null primary key auto_increment,course_name varchar(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> desc tb_course; +-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | course_name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | +-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) values ('Java'),('Mysql'),('Python'),('Go'),('C++'); Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tb_course; +----+-------------+ | id | course_name | +----+-------------+ | 1 | Java | | 2 | Mysql | | 3 | Python | | 4 | Go | | 5 | C++ | +----+-------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)使用 CROSS JOIN 查询出两张表中的笛卡尔积,SQL 语句和运行结果如下:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb_course CROSS JOIN tb_students_info; +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Java | 1 | Dany | 25 | 男 | 160 | 1 | | 2 | MySQL | 1 | Dany | 25 | 男 | 160 | 1 | | 3 | Python | 1 | Dany | 25 | 男 | 160 | 1 | | 4 | Go | 1 | Dany | 25 | 男 | 160 | 1 | | 5 | C++ | 1 | Dany | 25 | 男 | 160 | 1 | | 1 | Java | 2 | Green | 23 | 男 | 158 | 2 | | 2 | MySQL | 2 | Green | 23 | 男 | 158 | 2 | | 3 | Python | 2 | Green | 23 | 男 | 158 | 2 | | 4 | Go | 2 | Green | 23 | 男 | 158 | 2 | | 5 | C++ | 2 | Green | 23 | 男 | 158 | 2 | | 1 | Java | 3 | Henry | 23 | 女 | 185 | 1 | | 2 | MySQL | 3 | Henry | 23 | 女 | 185 | 1 | | 3 | Python | 3 | Henry | 23 | 女 | 185 | 1 | | 4 | Go | 3 | Henry | 23 | 女 | 185 | 1 | | 5 | C++ | 3 | Henry | 23 | 女 | 185 | 1 | | 1 | Java | 4 | Jane | 22 | 男 | 162 | 3 | | 2 | MySQL | 4 | Jane | 22 | 男 | 162 | 3 | | 3 | Python | 4 | Jane | 22 | 男 | 162 | 3 | | 4 | Go | 4 | Jane | 22 | 男 | 162 | 3 | | 5 | C++ | 4 | Jane | 22 | 男 | 162 | 3 | | 1 | Java | 5 | Jim | 24 | 女 | 175 | 2 | | 2 | MySQL | 5 | Jim | 24 | 女 | 175 | 2 | | 3 | Python | 5 | Jim | 24 | 女 | 175 | 2 | | 4 | Go | 5 | Jim | 24 | 女 | 175 | 2 | | 5 | C++ | 5 | Jim | 24 | 女 | 175 | 2 | | 1 | Java | 6 | John | 21 | 女 | 172 | 4 | | 2 | MySQL | 6 | John | 21 | 女 | 172 | 4 | | 3 | Python | 6 | John | 21 | 女 | 172 | 4 | | 4 | Go | 6 | John | 21 | 女 | 172 | 4 | | 5 | C++ | 6 | John | 21 | 女 | 172 | 4 | | 1 | Java | 7 | Lily | 22 | 男 | 165 | 4 | | 2 | MySQL | 7 | Lily | 22 | 男 | 165 | 4 | | 3 | Python | 7 | Lily | 22 | 男 | 165 | 4 | | 4 | Go | 7 | Lily | 22 | 男 | 165 | 4 | | 5 | C++ | 7 | Lily | 22 | 男 | 165 | 4 | | 1 | Java | 8 | Susan | 23 | 男 | 170 | 5 | | 2 | MySQL | 8 | Susan | 23 | 男 | 170 | 5 | | 3 | Python | 8 | Susan | 23 | 男 | 170 | 5 | | 4 | Go | 8 | Susan | 23 | 男 | 170 | 5 | | 5 | C++ | 8 | Susan | 23 | 男 | 170 | 5 | | 1 | Java | 9 | Thomas | 22 | 女 | 178 | 5 | | 2 | MySQL | 9 | Thomas | 22 | 女 | 178 | 5 | | 3 | Python | 9 | Thomas | 22 | 女 | 178 | 5 | | 4 | Go | 9 | Thomas | 22 | 女 | 178 | 5 | | 5 | C++ | 9 | Thomas | 22 | 女 | 178 | 5 | | 1 | Java | 10 | Tom | 23 | 女 | 165 | 5 | | 2 | MySQL | 10 | Tom | 23 | 女 | 165 | 5 | | 3 | Python | 10 | Tom | 23 | 女 | 165 | 5 | | 4 | Go | 10 | Tom | 23 | 女 | 165 | 5 | | 5 | C++ | 10 | Tom | 23 | 女 | 165 | 5 | +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ 50 rows in set (0.00 sec)
由运行结果可以看出,tb_course 和 tb_students_info 表交叉连接查询后,返回了 50 条记录。可以想象,当表中的数据较多时,得到的运行结果会非常长,而且得到的运行结果也没太大的意义。所以,通过交叉连接的方式进行多表查询的这种方法并不常用,我们应该尽量避免这种查询。
例 2 查询 tb_course 表中的 id 字段和 tb_students_info 表中的 course_id 字段相等的内容, SQL 语句和运行结果如下:
mysql> select * from tb_course cross join tb_students_info where tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id; +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | Java | 21 | Dany | 25 | nan | 160 | 1 | | 2 | Mysql | 22 | Green | 23 | nan | 158 | 2 | | 1 | Java | 23 | Henry | 23 | nv | 185 | 1 | | 3 | Python | 24 | Jane | 22 | nan | 12 | 3 | | 2 | Mysql | 25 | Jim | 24 | nv | 175 | 2 | | 4 | Go | 26 | john | 21 | nv | 172 | 4 | | 4 | Go | 27 | Lilyi | 22 | nan | 165 | 4 | | 5 | C++ | 28 | Suan | 23 | nan | 170 | 5 | | 5 | C++ | 29 | Thomas | 22 | nv | 178 | 5 | | 5 | C++ | 30 | Tom | 23 | nv | 165 | 5 | +----+-------------+----+--------+------+------+--------+-----------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果在交叉连接时使用 WHERE 子句,MySQL 会先生成两个表的笛卡尔积,然后再选择满足 WHERE 条件的记录。因此,表的数量较多时,交叉连接会非常非常慢。一般情况下不建议使用交叉连接。
在 MySQL 中,多表查询一般使用内连接和外连接,它们的效率要高于交叉连接。