Oracle Net是我们使用客户端连入Oracle服务器的主要方法。从组件相关方角度看，Oracle Net连接过程涉及到很多的技术和过程，例如客户端连接方式、连接字符串、监听器行为和数据库实例。
一般我们都是借助Oracle Client（非JDBC）的OCI接口方式进行Oracle连接，配置本地连接名local name。一旦连接过程出现错误，我们的诊断策略也是从外到内，从客户端到服务器逐步诊断。
1、Tnsping简述
Tnsping是Oracle提供的诊断连接动作的重要方法。我们在客户端上使用tnsping xxx（本地连接名），可以快速的定位连接过程中错误，进行问题判断。从功能上看，tnsping能够帮助我们解决几个方面问题：
ü 本地Oracle Net配置文件解析：sqlnet.ora、tnsname.ora是我们客户端最重要的两个配置文件。由于历史的原因，Oracle基础配置文件很多是文本格式，Oracle Net三个核心配置文件尤其如此。netca等配置工具也只是一个文本文件写入读取功能。很多朋友进行配置的时候，图简单直接进行文本复制黏贴，容易引起问题故障。tnsping可以模拟连接过程，对配置文件中的名称进行预解析，如果存在格式错误，解析必定失败；
ü 服务器端监听器状态诊断：在远程连接数据库服务器的时候，监听器是一个不能回避的组件。tnsping是可以进行网络访问判断的，如果监听器没有运行、或者没有在指定的端口上运行，tnsping是可以做出判断提示信息的；
ü 注册服务有限验证：在本地连接名称中，服务名、主机名、监听器伺候端口、连接协议是连接信息的几个要素。服务名是tnsping不能验证的对象，也就是说。如果监听器注册信息（动态注册、静态注册）中不存在连接的服务名，tnsping是不会报错的；
C:\Documents and Settings\liuzy>tnsping chdb
TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 12-5月 -
2014 17:58:21
Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
已使用的参数文件:
D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\sqlnet.ora
已使用 TNSNAMES 适配器来解析别名
尝试连接 (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.17.4.53)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = chdb)))
OK (30 毫秒)
对于tnsping，我们除了最后的结果信息之后，还可以使用跟踪trace方法，查看每个步骤执行情况，以及在哪个步骤出现问题。本篇就介绍如何从客户端进行tnsping过程跟踪。
2、配置跟踪参数
默认情况下，tnsping跟踪功能是关闭的。我们需要在Oracle Net配置文件sqlnet.ora中进行手工的配置。注意：配置是在客户端，我们执行tnsping命令也是在客户端进行。
--客户端sqlnet.ora，位置$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
# sqlnet.ora Network Configuration File: D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\sqlnet.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
# This file is actually generated by netca. But if customers choose to
# install "Software Only", this file wont exist and without the native
# authentication, they will not be able to connect to the database on NT.
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH= (TNSNAMES, EZCONNECT)
TNSPING.TRACE_LEVEL=SUPPORT
TNSPING.TRACE_DIRECTORY=D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\trace
最后的tnsping.trace_level和tnsping.trace_directory标注了tnsping的跟踪级别和跟踪文件存放目录。和其他Oracle跟踪操作相同，tnsping也支持不同跟踪级别粒度，可以依据我们的目的不同进行调整。
目前我们trace_level可选的参数有：off、user、admin和support。在实验中我们选择了support级别，属于比较细的跟踪粒度。
trace_directory是指定跟踪目录位置。跟踪文件名称统一为tnsping.trc。
3、执行跟踪过程
使用tnsping连接一个本地连接名cogdb。
C:\Documents and Settings\liuzy>tnsping cogdb
TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 08-5月 -
2014 12:17:43
Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
已使用的参数文件:
D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\sqlnet.ora
已使用 TNSNAMES 适配器来解析别名
尝试连接 (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.16.3.101)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = cogdb)))
OK (30 毫秒)
在指定目录中，我们可以看到生成的跟踪文件。
D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\trace
tnsping.trc
下面就是对跟踪文件的解析。
4、跟踪文件解析
跟踪文件信息比较多，我们针对一些细节内容进行说明讨论。
--文件标头
TNS Ping Utility for 32-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 08-5月 -2014 12:17:43
Copyright (c) 1997, 2010, Oracle. All rights reserved.
--Trace操作过程本身信息
--- TRACE CONFIGURATION INFORMATION FOLLOWS ---
New trace stream is D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\trace\tnsping.trc
New trace level is 16 –跟踪级别
--- TRACE CONFIGURATION INFORMATION ENDS ---
--- PARAMETER SOURCE INFORMATION FOLLOWS ---
Attempted load of system pfile source D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\sqlnet.ora –Oracle NET行为动作参数
Parameter source loaded successfully
--参数信息（从sqlnet.ora中加载的）
-> PARAMETER TABLE LOAD RESULTS FOLLOW
Successful parameter table load
-> PARAMETER TABLE HAS THE FOLLOWING CONTENTS
TNSPING.TRACE_LEVEL = SUPPORT
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH = (TNSNAMES, EZCONNECT)
TNSPING.TRACE_DIRECTORY = D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\trace
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (NTS)
--- PARAMETER SOURCE INFORMATION ENDS ---
--- LOG CONFIGURATION INFORMATION FOLLOWS ---
Log stream will be "standard output"
Log stream validation not requested
--- LOG CONFIGURATION INFORMATION ENDS ---
nlstdipi: entry
nlstdipi: exit
nnfun2awanm: entry
nnfgiinit: entry
nncpcin_maybe_init: default name server domain is [root]
nnfgiinit: Installing read path
nnfgsrsp: entry
nnfgsrsp: Obtaining path parameter from names.directory_path or native_names.directory_path –本地目录读取
nnfgsrdp: entry
nnfgsrdp: Setting path:
nnfgsrdp: checking element TNSNAMES
nnfgsrdp: checking element EZCONNECT
nnfgsrdp: Path set
nnfun2a: entry
nlolgobj: entry
nnfgrne: entry
nnfgrne: Going though read path adapters
nnfgrne: Switching to TNSNAMES adapter
nnftboot: entry
nlpaxini: entry
nlpaxini: exit
nnftmlf_make_local_addrfile: entry
nnftmlf_make_local_addrfile: construction of local names file failed
nnftmlf_make_local_addrfile: exit
nlpaxini: entry
nlpaxini: exit
nnftmlf_make_system_addrfile: entry
nnftmlf_make_system_addrfile: system names file is D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\tnsnames.ora—定位到文件
nnftmlf_make_system_addrfile: exit
nnftboot: exit
nnftrne: entry
nnftrne: Original name: cogdb –当前本次ping的对象
nnfttran: entry
nncpdpt_dump_ptable: ---列出所有的在文件tnsname名称
（篇幅原因，有省略……）
nncpdpt_dump_ptable: COGDB = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.16.3.101)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = cogdb)))
nncpdpt_dump_ptable: ZZWEB = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.16.3.5)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = zzweb)))
nncpdpt_dump_ptable: ORATEST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.100)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = oratest)))
nncpdpt_dump_ptable: --- END D:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\client_1\network\admin\tnsnames.ora TABLE ---
nnfttran: exit
nnftrne: Using tnsnames.ora address (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.16.3.101)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = cogdb))) for name cogdb –找到了！
nnftrne: exit
nnfgrne: exit
nlolgserv: entry
nnfggav: entry
nnftgav: entry
nnftgav: exit
nnfgfrm: entry
nnftfrm: entry
nnftfrm: exit
nnfgfrm: exit
nlolgserv: exit
nlolgobj: exit
nlolfmem: entry
nlolfmem: exit
nnfun2awanm: Getting the path of sqlnet.ora
nnfun2awanm: Getting the adapter name
nnfun2awanm: exit
nscall: entry
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 216 bytes at 0x1702dc0 –解析cogdb连接串
nsmal: normal exit
nscall: connecting...
nlad_expand_hst: Expanding 172.16.3.101
snlinGetAddrInfo: entry
snlinGetAddrInfo: exit
nlad_expand_hst: Already an IP address –如果本次使用的不是IP地址，上面过程就是在用hosts文件和DNS进行解析；
snlinFreeAddrInfo: entry
snlinFreeAddrInfo: exit
nlad_expand_hst: Result: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=172.16.3.101)(PORT=1521)))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=cogdb))) –真实地址
nladini: entry
nladini: exit
nladget: entry
nladget: exit
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 104 bytes at 0x2042670
nsmal: normal exit
nsc2addr: entry
nsc2addr: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=172.16.3.101)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=cogdb)))
nttbnd2addr: entry
snlinGetAddrInfo: entry
snlinGetAddrInfo: exit
nttbnd2addr: using host IP address: 172.16.3.101
snlinFreeAddrInfo: entry
snlinFreeAddrInfo: exit
nttbnd2addr: exit
nsc2addr: normal exit
nsopen: entry
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 996 bytes at 0x20428d0
nsmal: normal exit
nsopenmplx: entry
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 2120 bytes at 0x2042cc0
nsmal: normal exit
nsiorini: entry
nsbal: entry
nsbgetfl: entry
nsbgetfl: normal exit
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 84 bytes at 0x2043650
nsmal: normal exit
nsbal: normal exit
nsiorini: exit (0)
nscpxget: entry
nscpxget: normal exit
nsopenalloc_nsntx: nlhthput on mplx_ht_nsgbu:ctx=20428d0, nsntx=2042cc0
nsopenmplx: normal exit
nsopen: opening transport...
nttcon: entry
nttcon: toc = 1
nttcnp: entry
nttcnp: creating a socket. –连接开始
nttcnp: exit
nttcni: entry
nttcni: Tcp conn timeout = 60000 (ms)
nttcni: TCP Connect TO enabled. Switching to NB
nttctl: entry
nttctl: Setting connection into non-blocking mode
nttcni: trying to connect to socket 1660.
ntt2err: entry
ntt2err: exit
ntctst: size of NTTEST list is 1 - not calling poll
sntseltst: Testing for WRITE on socket 1660
sntseltst: FOUND: write request on socket 1660
nttctl: entry
nttctl: Clearing non-blocking mode
snlinGetNameInfo: entry
snlinGetNameInfo: exit
nttcni: connected on ipaddr 172.17.12.80
nttcni: exit
nttcon: NT layer TCP/IP connection has been established.
nttcon: set TCP_NODELAY on 1660
nttcon: exit
nsopen: transport is open
nsoptions: entry
nsoptions: lcl[0]=0x0, lcl[1]=0x900001, gbl[0]=0x0, gbl[1]=0x0, cha=0x0
nsoptions: Vectored IO not supported.
nsoptions: lcl[0]=0xf4ffefff, lcl[1]=0x900001, gbl[0]=0xfabf, gbl[1]=0x0
nsoptions: normal exit
nsnainit: entry
nsnainit: call
nsnainit: NA not wanted - disabling and returning
nsopen: global context check-in (to slot 0) complete
nsopen: lcl[0]=0xf4ffefff, lcl[1]=0x900001, gbl[0]=0xfabf, gbl[1]=0x0, tdu=32767, sdu=8192
nsfull_opn: entry
nsfull_opn: cid=0, opcode=65, *bl=0, *what=0, uflgs=0x0, cflgs=0x0
nsfull_opn: nsctx: state=7, flg=0x4001, mvd=0
nsbal: entry
nsbgetfl: entry
nsbgetfl: normal exit
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 84 bytes at 0x20661a8
nsmal: normal exit
nsbal: normal exit
nsbal: entry
nsbgetfl: entry
nsbgetfl: normal exit
nsmal: entry
nsmal: 84 bytes at 0x2068228
nsmal: normal exit
nsbal: normal exit
nsfull_opn: normal exit
nsopen: normal exit
nsmfr: entry
nsmfr: 104 bytes at 0x2042670
nsmfr: normal exit
nsdo: entry
nsdo: cid=0, opcode=67, *bl=29, *what=8, uflgs=0x0, cflgs=0x3
nsdo: rank=64, nsctxrnk=0
nsdo: nsctx: state=14, flg=0x4005, mvd=0
nsdo: gtn=10, gtc=10, ptn=10, ptc=8155
nscon: entry
nscon: doing connect handshake...
nscon: sending NSPTCN packet
nspsend: entry
nspsend: plen=87, type=1
nttwr: entry
nttwr: socket 1660 had bytes written=87
nttwr: exit
nspsend: packet dump
nspsend: 00 57 00 00 01 00 00 00 |.W......|
nspsend: 01 3A 01 2C 00 00 20 00 |.:.,....|
nspsend: 7F FF C6 0E 00 00 01 00 |........|
nspsend: 00 1D 00 3A 00 00 00 00 |...:....|
nspsend: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|
nspsend: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|
nspsend: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|
nspsend: 00 00 28 43 4F 4E 4E 45 |..(CONNE|
nspsend: 43 54 5F 44 41 54 41 3D |CT_DATA=|
nspsend: 28 43 4F 4D 4D 41 4E 44 |(COMMAND|
nspsend: 3D 70 69 6E 67 29 29 |=ping)) |
nspsend: 87 bytes to transport –发出87 bytes
nspsend: normal exit
nscon: exit (0)
nsdo: nsctxrnk=0
nsdo: normal exit
nsdo: entry
nsdo: cid=0, opcode=68, *bl=1024, *what=9, uflgs=0x2000, cflgs=0x3
nsdo: rank=64, nsctxrnk=0
nsdo: nsctx: state=2, flg=0x4005, mvd=0
nsdo: gtn=10, gtc=10, ptn=10, ptc=8155
nscon: entry
nscon: recving a packet
nsprecv: entry
nsprecv: reading from transport...
nttrd: entry
nttrd: socket 1660 had bytes read=73 –读取到73 bytes的回信
nttrd: exit
nsprecv: 73 bytes from transport
nsprecv: tlen=73, plen=73, type=4
nsprecv: packet dump
nsprecv: 00 49 00 00 04 00 00 00 |.I......|
nsprecv: 22 00 00 3D 28 44 45 53 |"..=(DES|
nsprecv: 43 52 49 50 54 49 4F 4E |CRIPTION|
nsprecv: 3D 28 54 4D 50 3D 29 28 |=(TMP=)(|
nsprecv: 56 53 4E 4E 55 4D 3D 31 |VSNNUM=1|
nsprecv: 36 39 38 37 30 33 33 36 |69870336|
nsprecv: 29 28 45 52 52 3D 30 29 |)(ERR=0)|
nsprecv: 28 41 4C 49 41 53 3D 4C |(ALIAS=L|
nsprecv: 49 53 54 45 4E 45 52 29 |ISTENER)|
nsprecv: 29 |) |
nsprecv: normal exit
nscon: got NSPTRF packet
nscon: got 61 bytes connect data
nscon: exit (0)
nsdo: nsctxrnk=0
nsdo: normal exit
nscall: refused
nsclose: entry
nsvntx_dei: entry
nsvntx_dei: exit
nstimarmed: entry
nstimarmed: no timer allocated
nstimarmed: normal exit
nttctl: entry
nttctl: entry
nsfull_cls: entry
nsfull_cls: cid=0, opcode=65, *bl=0, *what=0, uflgs=0x0, cflgs=0x440
nsfull_cls: nsctx: state=3, flg=0x4001, mvd=0
nsbfr: entry
nsbaddfl: entry
nsbaddfl: normal exit
nsbfr: normal exit
nsbfr: entry
nsbaddfl: entry
nsbaddfl: normal exit
nsbfr: normal exit
nsfull_cls: normal exit
nsiocancel: entry
nsiofrrg: entry
nsiofrrg: cur = 204360c
nsbfr: entry
nsbaddfl: entry
nsbaddfl: normal exit
nsbfr: normal exit
nsiofrrg: exit
nsiocancel: exit
nsclose: closing transport
nttdisc: entry
nttdisc: Closed socket 1660
nttdisc: exit
nsclose: global context check-out (from slot 0) complete
nsnadisc: entry
nsnadisc: no native services in use - returning
nsvntx_dei: entry
nsvntx_dei: exit
nsopenfree_nsntx: nlhthdel from mplx_ht_nsgbu, ctx=20428d0 nsntx=2042cc0
nsiocancel: entry
nsiofrrg: entry
nsiofrrg: exit
nsiocancel: exit
nsmfr: entry
nsmfr: 2120 bytes at 0x2042cc0
nsmfr: normal exit
nsmfr: entry
nsmfr: 996 bytes at 0x20428d0
nsmfr: normal exit
nsclose: normal exit
nscall: error exit
nsdisc: entry
nsclose: entry
nsclose: normal exit
nsdisc: exit (0)
nlse_term_audit: entry
nlse_term_audit: exit
5、结论
Oracle Net是一个复杂的过程，涉及到客户端、服务器、监听器和网络等诸多组件对象。Tnsping作为一个官方提供的诊断工具，可以很大程度上帮助我们解决问题，提高工作效率。
来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ，链接：http://blog.itpub.net/17203031/viewspace-1161228/，如需转载，请注明出处，否则将追究法律责任。
转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/17203031/viewspace-1161228/
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