Data Guard作为Oracle MAA（最大可用性框架）的重要组成部分，已经成为很多成熟运维系统的标准配置。借助Data Guard提供的物理standby和逻辑standby，我们可以保证系统数据库运行在一个较高的可用性环境里。并且，switchover和failover策略，可以最大限度的保证日常运维和故障恢复场景。
从最早的9i到11g，Oracle DG搭建过程经历了很多阶段。大致可以分为三种策略方法：
ü Backup and Restore策略：借助RMAN备份集合（backupset），远程传递到standby服务器。再利用RMAN还原策略进行还原操作；
ü RMAN Duplicate策略：同样是借助RMAN的机制，提供了duplicate语句可以实现直接的standby搭建，不需要备份集合传递过程；
ü RMAN Duplicate from active database：这个是目前最新的搭建方法。在原有duplicate基础上，可以实现Primary不停机运行情况下搭建standby；
在实际中，三种策略各有利弊和使用的场景。Backup and Restore策略和Duplicate方法需要单独停机过程。而from active database方法对带宽要求较高。根据实际的部署环境，设计不同的安装策略，进行多次的测试过程才是确保平稳的关键方法。
在之前的文章中，已经介绍过使用duplicate from active database方法搭建Data Guard的步骤。本篇介绍Backup and Restore方法，权当记录，留待需要朋友参考。
1、环境介绍
笔者选择Red Hat6.5版本进行实验，由于是虚拟机环境，策划在相同物理服务器上搭建Primary和Standby。
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# uname -r
2.6.32-431.el6.i686
内存和存储空间充足（相对而言）。
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1893 129 1763 0 14 54
-/+ buffers/cache: 60 1832
Swap: 1999 0 1999
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 48G 16G 31G 34% /
tmpfs 947M 0 947M 0% /dev/shm
Primary端已经安装完成，实例名为ora11g，当前处于非归档模式下。
[oracle@SimpleLinux ~]$ env | grep ORA
ORACLE_SID=ora11g
ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app
ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode No Archive Mode
Automatic archival Disabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 4
Current log sequence 6
数据库版本为11.2.0.4，对应控制文件、数据文件、日志文件保持默认状态。
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.4.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.4.0 – Production
三大核心文件情况如下：
SQL> select name from v$controlfile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/controlfile/o1_mf_9mnjwpko_.ctl
/u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/controlfile/o1_mf_9mnjwpw2_.ctl
SQL> select group#, member from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER
---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 /u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_9mnjx4n0_.log
3 /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_3_9mnjx54c_.log
2 /u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_9mnjwzpq_.log
2 /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_2_9mnjx15f_.log
1 /u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_9mnjwtj9_.log
1 /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/onlinelog/o1_mf_1_9mnjwvdm_.log
6 rows selected
SQL> select file_name, file_id from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME FILE_ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
/u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/datafile/o1_mf_users_9mnjs074_.dbf 4
/u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_9mnjs068_.dbf 3
/u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_9mnjs04h_.dbf 2
/u01/app/oradata/ORA11G/datafile/o1_mf_system_9mnjrzty_.dbf 1
系统启用recovery area dest目录。
SQL> show parameter recovery
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest string /u01/app/fast_recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_size big integer 10000M
recovery_parallelism integer 0
2、Primary端配置
首先调整Primary设置，先开启归档模式，选择默认的recovery area作为归档目录位置就可以了。
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 372449280 bytes
Fixed Size 1364732 bytes
Variable Size 293604612 bytes
Database Buffers 71303168 bytes
Redo Buffers 6176768 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 4
Next log sequence to archive 6
Current log sequence 6
开启强制日志动作：
SQL> alter database force logging;
Database altered.
3、Primary备份和处理
此时保持mount状态，进行RMAN备份。
[oracle@SimpleLinux ~]$ rman nocatalog
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat May 24 20:41:50 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
RMAN> connect target /
connected to target database: ORA11G (DBID=4239941846, not open)
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
--简单配置
RMAN> CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP on;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
备份数据库文件和日志。
RMAN> backup database plus archivelog;
Starting backup at 24-MAY-14
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK
specification does not match any archived log in the repository
backup cancelled because there are no files to backup
Finished backup at 24-MAY-14
Starting backup at 24-MAY-14
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001
(篇幅原因，有省略……)
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-MAY-14
备份standby controlfile。
RMAN> backup current controlfile for standby;
Starting backup at 24-MAY-14
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including standby control file in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 24-MAY-14
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 24-MAY-14
piece handle=/u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/backupset/2014_05_24/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20140524T204716_9r156r7j_.bkp tag=TAG20140524T204716 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 24-MAY-14
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-MAY-14
piece handle=/u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/autobackup/2014_05_24/o1_mf_s_848435155_9r156vbz_.bkp comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 24-MAY-14
备份集合情况：
RMAN> list backup;
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
1 Full 1.05G DISK 00:02:18 24-MAY-14
BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140524T204320
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/backupset/2014_05_24/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140524T204320_9r14z9hn_.bkp
（篇幅原因，有省略……）
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/backupset/2014_05_24/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20140524T204716_9r156r7j_.bkp
Standby Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 696037 Ckp time: 24-MAY-14
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
4 Full 9.36M DISK 00:00:03 24-MAY-14
BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140524T204721
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/autobackup/2014_05_24/o1_mf_s_848435155_9r156vbz_.bkp
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 24-MAY-14
SPFILE db_unique_name: ORA11G
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 696037 Ckp time: 24-MAY-14
将备份集合文件拷贝到standby端服务器，可以使用sftp、scp等方法。这个过程传输往往是最快的方法。
--standby端
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# cd /
[root@SimpleLinux /]# mkdir /standbybackup
[root@SimpleLinux /]# chown oracle:oinstall /standbybackup/
[oracle@SimpleLinux 2014_05_24]$ pwd
/u01/app/fast_recovery_area/ORA11G/backupset/2014_05_24
[oracle@SimpleLinux 2014_05_24]$ ls -l
total 1105740
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9797632 May 24 20:47 o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20140524T204716_9r156r7j_.bkp
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 1122476032 May 24 20:45 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140524T204320_9r14z9hn_.bkp
[oracle@SimpleLinux 2014_05_24]$ cp * /standbybackup/
[oracle@SimpleLinux 2014_05_24]$ cd /standbybackup/
[oracle@SimpleLinux standbybackup]$ ls -l
total 1105740
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9797632 May 24 20:50 o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20140524T204716_9r156r7j_.bkp
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 1122476032 May 24 20:52 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20140524T204320_9r14z9hn_.bkp
4、Primary端参数修改
修改primary端参数，加入归档日志传输、文件自动管理和命名转换参数。
SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=ora11gsy valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=ora11gsy' scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set standby_file_management=auto;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set db_file_name_convert='ORA11G','ORA11GSY' scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set log_file_name_convert='ORA11G','ORA11GSY' scope=spfile;
System altered.
创建文本参数文件，加以修改。
--生成文本备份
SQL> create pfile from spfile;
File created.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
ORA-01109: database not open
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 372449280 bytes
Fixed Size 1364732 bytes
Variable Size 293604612 bytes
Database Buffers 71303168 bytes
Redo Buffers 6176768 bytes
Database mounted.
参数文件默认在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目录中。
[oracle@SimpleLinux standbybackup]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/dbs/
[oracle@SimpleLinux dbs]$ ls -l
total 9544
-rw-rw----. 1 oracle oinstall 1544 May 24 21:12 hc_ora11g.dat
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 2851 May 15 2009 init.ora
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 1190 May 24 21:12 initora11g.ora
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 24 Apr 1 12:39 lkORA11G
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 1536 Apr 1 12:45 orapwora11g
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9748480 May 24 20:47 snapcf_ora11g.f
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 3584 May 24 21:13 spfileora11g.ora
对参数文件进行修改，并且改名，作为新实例ora11gsy的pfile启动文件。
[oracle@SimpleLinux dbs]$ cat initora11g.ora
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/admin/ora11gsy/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_create_file_dest='/u01/app/oradata'
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_name_convert='ORA11G','ORA11GSY'
*.db_name='ora11g'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/fast_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=10485760000
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ora11gsyXDB)'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=ora11gsy valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=ora11gsy'
*.log_file_name_convert='ORA11G','ORA11GSY'
*.memory_target=373293056
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.standby_file_management='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
db_unique_name='ora11gsy'
instance_name='ora11gsy'
[oracle@SimpleLinux dbs]$ cp initora11g.ora initora11gsy.ora
创建dump目录。
--必须创建，否则会在启动实例中报错。
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# mkdir -p /u01/app/admin/ora11gsy/adump
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01
来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ，链接：http://blog.itpub.net/17203031/viewspace-1170268/，如需转载，请注明出处，否则将追究法律责任。
转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/17203031/viewspace-1170268/
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