C++ 学习之旅（16）——虚函数与纯虚函数virtual

关于虚函数的概念讲解，可以看这篇文章：

https://blog.csdn.net/siwuxie095/article/details/71159414

以下用例子进行实际说明：

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
	int width, height;
	Shape(int a = 0, int b = 0)
	{
		width = a;
		height = b;
	}
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Parent class has no area" << endl;
	}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
	Rectangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Rectangle class area :" << width * height << endl;
	}
};

class Triangle : public Shape {
public:
	Triangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Triangle class area :" << width * height / 2 << endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	Shape* sha1 = new Shape(10, 5);
	Rectangle* rec = new Rectangle(10, 5);
	Triangle*  tri = new Triangle(10, 5);

	sha1->area();
	rec->area();
	tri->area();

	cin.get();
	return 0;
}

我们有形状类Shape，它有两个子类：Rectangle矩形类和Triangle三角形类。

利用多态的思想，我们希望在对不同对象下达相同指令（计算面积）的时候，不同对象可以根据自身情况完成该指令。即如果是Shape类则没有面积，而矩形和三角形各自都有计算面积的公式，以上代码看似是可以实现的，运行结果如下：

但是，这种情况实际上只是根据实例化时所属的类选择不同的area方法，属于静态多态，如果出现以下情况：

Shape* sha2 = rec;
sha2->area();

输出却为：“Parent class has no area”

明明sha2指向的地址是矩形类的地址，但是却因为实例化时用了Shape类，而导致无法正确计算面积，此时就有必要引入动态多态了。只需在Shape类中的area函数前加上virtual关键字即可：

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
	int width, height;
	Shape(int a = 0, int b = 0)
	{
		width = a;
		height = b;
	}
	virtual void area()
	{
		cout << "Parent class has no area" << endl;
	}
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
	Rectangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Rectangle class area :" << width * height << endl;
	}
};

class Triangle : public Shape {
public:
	Triangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Triangle class area :" << width * height / 2 << endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	Shape* sha1 = new Shape(10, 5);
	Rectangle* rec = new Rectangle(10, 5);
	Triangle*  tri = new Triangle(10, 5);

	sha1->area();
	rec->area();
	tri->area();

	Shape* sha2 = rec;
	sha2->area();

	cin.get();
	return 0;
}

输出结果如下：

而如果我们在基类中不能对虚函数给出有意义的实现，这个时候就会用到纯虚函数。只需把函数体改为= 0即可：

#include <iostream> 
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
	int width, height;
	Shape(int a = 0, int b = 0)
	{
		width = a;
		height = b;
	}
	virtual void area() = 0;
};

class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
	Rectangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Rectangle class area :" << width * height << endl;
	}
};

class Triangle : public Shape {
public:
	Triangle(int a = 0, int b = 0) :Shape(a, b) { }
	void area()
	{
		cout << "Triangle class area :" << width * height / 2 << endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	Rectangle* rec = new Rectangle(10, 5);
	Triangle*  tri = new Triangle(10, 5);

	rec->area();
	tri->area();

	Shape* sha2 = rec;
	sha2->area();

	cin.get();
	return 0;
}

注意此时我们无法实例化Shape类，因为它已经变成了抽象类，是作为一种规范，或者说接口而存在的。基类中定义了纯虚函数，子类必须对它进行定义，否则也是无法实例化的。

输出结果如下：