# metaclass
# type实质是用来构造类的对象的,相当于构造方法(__new__),__init__只是用来初始化这个对象的
# object是一切对象的基类,包括type
if 0:
# 传统方式
class Test(object):
tag = "hello" # 类成员属性
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # 用于初始化self对象成员
def func(self):
return 100
obj = Test("world")
print(Test.tag, obj.name, obj.func())
if 0:
def func(self):
pass
# 使用type一行进行构造对象,有参数如下
# 类名称
# 基类元组
# 类属性
test_cls = type("Test", (object, ), {"tag": "hello", "func": lambda self:100})
print(test_cls) # <class '__main__.Test'> 构造一个类
obj = test_cls()
print(obj) # <__main__.Test object at 0x00000116E8ADBC50> 由类进行构造一个对象
print(test_cls.tag, obj.func())
if 0:
class New(object):
def __new__(cls):
print("cls:", cls) # cls: <class '__main__.New'> , 发现type构造返回的是cls
obj = object.__new__(cls)
print("obj:", obj) # obj: <__main__.New object at 0x00000245798BC450>
return obj
def __init__(self):
print("self:", self) # self: <__main__.New object at 0x00000245798BC450>, __new__返回的是self地址一样,是类构造的对象
new_obj = New()
if 0:
# 类是由type创建的,可以改变类的创建方式,比如元类
class MyType(type):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print("cls:", cls) # cls: <class '__main__.MyType'> 这里cls当然是当前类MyType的类
new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
print("new_cls:", new_cls, *args, **kwargs) # new_cls: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> MyTypeTest () {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'MyTypeTest'} , 使用元类来构造MyTypeTest类
return new_cls
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的参数列表必须是和元类构造的MyTypeTest类中的
# __init__中的self还是类, 若使用非元类创建类,self就是object而不是类
print("self:",self, *args, **kwargs)# self: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> MyTypeTest () {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'MyTypeTest'}
# 这行MyTypeTest类是由元类MyType中的__new__进行创建的
class MyTypeTest(metaclass=MyType):
# 其实这里__new__函数实现就不需要了
# def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
# print("MyTypeTest cls:", cls) # MyTypeTest cls: <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'> 类
# obj = super().__new__(cls)
# print("obj:", obj) # obj: <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x000002AD251EFCD0> 类构造的对象
# return obj
def __init__(self, name):
print("self:", self) # self: <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x000002AD251EFCD0> 由__new__构造的obj传递给self
self.name = name
mytype_test = MyTypeTest("hello")
# __call__方法调用,是对象()后进行调用执行的
# 那元类创建类后,该类进行()会是什么场景
if 0:
class Test:
def __new__(cls):
print("new")
obj = object.__new__(cls)
return obj
def __init__(self):
print("init", self) # init <__main__.Test object at 0x000001CDA1BA8450>
def __call__(self):
print("call", self) # call <__main__.Test object at 0x000001CDA1BA8450>
t = Test()
print("T", t)
a = t() # 发现对象()后调用的是call方法
# output:
# new
# init
# call
if 1:
class MyType(type):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
new_cls = super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return new_cls
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("call", self) #call <class '__main__.MyTypeTest'>
empty_obj = self.__new__(self)
self.__init__(empty_obj, *args, **kwargs)
print(*args, **kwargs)
return empty_obj
class MyTypeTest(metaclass=MyType):
def __new__(cls):
print("cls", cls)
obj = super().__new__(cls)
return obj
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("MyTypeTest self", self) # MyTypeTest self <__main__.MyTypeTest object at 0x0000018FAC59FED0>
t = MyTypeTest("hello") # 构造对象时调用元类中的__call__方法
python元类
于 2024-07-13 00:41:01 首次发布