Containerd命令行工具nerdctl

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已于 2024-06-23 20:06:28 修改

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分类专栏： kubernetes 文章标签： nerdctl containerd

于 2024-06-23 16:21:36 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/codelearning/article/details/139902040

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Containerd 客户端工具 nerdctl

相比Containerd自带的ctr工具，nerdctl操作方式更接近之前的docker命令。nerdctl 是一个与 docker cli 风格兼容的 containerd 客户端工具，而且直接兼容docker compose的语法的。

仓库：https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl

1. 安装

二进制文件下载路径：https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases

nerdctl 官方发布包含两个安装版本：

Minimal：仅包含 nerdctl 二进制文件及 rootless 模式下的辅助安装脚本；
Full：全量包，其中包含了 Containerd、CNI、runc、BuildKit 等完整组件。

wget https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v2.0.0-beta.5/nerdctl-2.0.0-beta.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mkdir nerdctl
tar xf nerdctl-2.0.0-beta.5-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C nerdctl/
mv ./nerdctl/nerdctl /usr/bin/nerdctl

# 检查安装
root@master1:~# nerdctl version
WARN[0000] unable to determine buildctl version: exec: "buildctl": executable file not found in $PATH
Client:
 Version:       v2.0.0-beta.5
 OS/Arch:       linux/amd64
 Git commit:    9236b9370203b7f3274ae8d1417cc6ddcbdd4511
 buildctl:
  Version:

Server:
 containerd:
  Version:      1.7.12
  GitCommit:
 runc:
  Version:      1.1.12-0ubuntu3

2. nerdctl使用

2.1 可以将nerdctl更名为docker

# 创建docker执行文件，确保nerdctl路径正确
root@master1:~# cat << 'EOF' > /usr/local/bin/docker
#!/bin/bash
/usr/local/bin/nerdctl $@
EOF

root@master1:~# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker

这样就可以把使用docker作为命令了。

2.2 nerdctl bash自动补全

root@master1:~ # apt install bash-completion
root@master1:~ # nerdctl completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl
root@master1:~ # source /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl

# 如果遇到如下问题，执行souce命令解决
root@master1:~# nerdctl image_get_comp_words_by_ref: command not found
_get_comp_words_by_ref: command not found
_get_comp_words_by_ref: command not found
^C

root@master1:~# source /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion

# 写入.bashrc文件
echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/nerdctl" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "source /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion" >> ~/.bashrc

2.3 nerdctl在k8s下使用

k8s默认使用k8s.io,而 nerdctl 默认使用default namspace。如果需要查看 k8s 相关镜像需要加上"--namespace=k8s.io"来指定。

# 打印k8s相关容器
nerdctl --namespace k8s.io ps -a

# 镜像列表
nerdctl images --namespace=k8s.io
nerdctl -n=k8s.io images

# 构建镜像
nerdctl --namespace k8s.io build -t nginx:nerdctl .

或者在 nerdctl 配置文件中指定nerdctl 默认使用 k8s.io namespace

root@master1:~# mkdir  /etc/nerdctl/
root@master1:~# cat >> /etc/nerdctl/nerdctl.toml << EOF
namespace = "k8s.io"
EOF

3. 容器管理

运行容器：

root@master1:~# nerdctl images | grep nginx
nginx    1.27.0             91bb02101775    20 hours ago    linux/amd64    192.8 MiB    182.9 MiB

# 运行容器
root@master1:~# nerdctl run -d -p 80:80 --name=nginx --restart=always nginx:1.27.0
f506dd37ea00a8f2581cfefec977d4189774960fe1ffe6567632ee331af80c78

# 进入容器
root@master1:~# nerdctl exec -it nginx /bin/bash
root@f506dd37ea00:/#

# 查看容器列表
root@master1:~# nerdctl ps
CONTAINER ID    IMAGE                                                                      COMMAND                   CREATED          STATUS    PORTS                 NAMES
0417a801d4e7    registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/chenby/pause:3.8                         "/pause"                  3 hours ago      Up                              k8s://kube-system/kube-proxy-m6z76
...

# 获取容器的详细信息
root@master1:~# nerdctl inspect nginx
[
    {
        "Id": "f506dd37ea00a8f2581cfefec977d4189774960fe1ffe6567632ee331af80c78",
        "Created": "2024-06-23T03:38:30.407728208Z",
        "Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
        "Args": [
            "nginx",
            "-g",
...

# 停止容器
root@master1:~# nerdctl stop nginx

# 启动容器
root@master1:~# nerdctl start nginx

# 查看日志
root@master1:~# nerdctl logs -f nginx
...

# 删除容器。需要在关闭状态下删除，或者加-f强制删除
root@master1:~# nerdctl rm nginx
FATA[0000] 1 errors:
container f506dd37ea00a8f2581cfefec977d4189774960fe1ffe6567632ee331af80c78 is in running status. unpause/stop container first or force removal
root@master1:~# nerdctl rm -f nginx
nginx

4. 镜像管理

# 查看镜像列表
root@master1:~# nerdctl images
nginx   1.27.0             91bb02101775    22 hours ago    linux/amd64    192.8 MiB    182.9 MiB

# 创建tag
root@master1:~# nerdctl tag nginx:1.27.0 lldhsds/nginx:latest

# 拉取镜像
root@master1:~# nerdctl pull python:3.10

# 推送镜像，先执行登录，然后推送
nerdctl login
nerdctl push lldhsds/nginx:latest

# 导出镜像
nerdctl save -o busybox.tar.gz busybox:latest

# 导入镜像
nerdctl load -i busybox.tar.gz

# 删除镜像
nerdctl rmi busybox

5. 网络管理

# 查看网络
root@master1:~# nerdctl network ls
NETWORK ID      NAME      FILE
                cbr0      /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
17f29b073143    bridge    /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-bridge.conflist
                host
                none

# 创建桥接网络
root@master1:~# nerdctl network create -d bridge --subnet 10.255.0.0/16 mynet
11c844f95e2862126712e209cd3acbc68c137931c639633da9dfc17b3a464bde
root@master1:~# nerdctl network ls
NETWORK ID      NAME      FILE
                cbr0      /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
17f29b073143    bridge    /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-bridge.conflist
11c844f95e28    mynet     /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-mynet.conflist
                host
                none
root@master1:~# cat  /etc/cni/net.d/nerdctl-mynet.conflist
{
  "cniVersion": "1.0.0",
  "name": "mynet",
  "nerdctlID": "11c844f95e2862126712e209cd3acbc68c137931c639633da9dfc17b3a464bde",
  "nerdctlLabels": {},
  "plugins": [
    {
      "type": "bridge",
      "bridge": "br-11c844f95e28",
      "isGateway": true,
      "ipMasq": true,
      "hairpinMode": true,
      "ipam": {
        "ranges": [
          [
            {
              "gateway": "10.255.0.1",
              "subnet": "10.255.0.0/16"
            }
          ]
        ],
        "routes": [
          {
            "dst": "0.0.0.0/0"
          }
        ],
        "type": "host-local"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "portmap",
      "capabilities": {
        "portMappings": true
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "firewall",
      "ingressPolicy": "same-bridge"
    },
    {
      "type": "tuning"
    }
  ]

6. 镜像构建

ctr命令不支持镜像构建，nerdctl通过安装buildkit可以支持镜像构建。

buildkit组成部分:

buildkitd（服务端），目前支持runc和containerd作为镜像构建环境，默认是runc，可以更换containerd。
buildctl（客户端），负责解析Dockerfile文件、并向服务端buildkitd发出构建请求。

buildkit仓库：https://github.com/moby/buildkit

root@master1:~# wget https://github.com/moby/buildkit/releases/download/v0.14.1/buildkit-v0.14.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz
root@master1:~# mkdir /opt/buildkit && tar -zxvf buildkit-v0.14.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /opt/buildkit/
root@master1:~# ln -s /opt/buildkit/bin/buildctl /usr/local/bin/
root@master1:~# ln -s /opt/buildkit/bin/buildkitd /usr/local/bin/

# 用Systemd来管理buildkitd
root@master1:~# cat >> /etc/systemd/system/buildkit.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=BuildKit
Documentation=https://github.com/moby/buildkit

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/buildkitd --oci-worker=false --containerd-worker=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
root@master1:~# systemctl daemon-reload
root@master1:~# systemctl enable buildkit --now
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/buildkit.service → /etc/systemd/system/buildkit.service.
root@master1:~# systemctl status buildkit

# 验证nerdctl与buildctl
root@master1:~# nerdctl version
Client:
 Version:       v2.0.0-beta.5
 OS/Arch:       linux/amd64
 Git commit:    9236b9370203b7f3274ae8d1417cc6ddcbdd4511
 buildctl:
  Version:      v0.14.1
  GitCommit:    eb864a84592468ee9b434326cb7efd66f58555af

Server:
 containerd:
  Version:      1.7.12
  GitCommit:
 runc:
  Version:      1.1.12-0ubuntu3

从Dockerfile构建镜像，创建Dockerfile文件，内容如下：

root@master1:~/buidctl# cat > Dockerfile <<EOF
FROM nginx:latest
RUN echo -e "Hello Nerdctl From Containerd" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
EOF

构建镜像：

root@master1:~/buidctl# nerdctl build -t nginx:nerdctl .
[+] Building 10.7s (6/6) FINISHED
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                    0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 134B                                                                                                    0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/nginx:latest                                                                         7.4s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                         0.0s
 => [1/2] FROM docker.io/library/nginx:latest@sha256:9c367186df9a6b18c6735357b8eb7f407347e84aea09beb184961cb83543d46e                   1.5s
 => => resolve docker.io/library/nginx:latest@sha256:9c367186df9a6b18c6735357b8eb7f407347e84aea09beb184961cb83543d46e                   0.0s
 => => extracting sha256:2cc3ae149d28a36d28d4eefbae70aaa14a0c9eab588c3790f7979f310b893c44                                               0.5s
 => => extracting sha256:1018f2b8dba8ffec0afc981d5bae673e38ecac6ca29a861d12cccbd820d53f8d                                               0.9s
 => => extracting sha256:b831e78d8e20641c11c527baff6e2c7bae6a43cc1ab4316a5532885d6461b1e7                                               0.0s
 => => extracting sha256:3ab22521e91957c19caeb12eadcad2823fdca853477acb38cd5e9a1ebe57e96e                                               0.0s
 => => extracting sha256:5112bf42775bbb6a896ccd3ad63cbf864976fb1c047a4c56f316cf78d3edd756                                               0.0s
 => => extracting sha256:cbdaf9e4ee2d8507bf2e162c560cfb0b37567db3870235b8940aeb157d628327                                               0.0s
 => => extracting sha256:a06b6fd631e8e2091ce18db1a1b063f14f06a63d0513cafc51500ce7cb1ae2f4                                               0.0s
 => [2/2] RUN echo -e "Hello Nerdctl From Containerd" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html                                                0.3s
 => exporting to docker image format                                                                                                    1.4s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                 0.0s
 => => exporting manifest sha256:77b08cbea3668d12b71ea1b1fa55bb81e24056b38d0b3fe864bc127706ba70aa                                       0.0s
 => => exporting config sha256:244a13280dc34ea76b8d9229ed0438c29117db56e2659add3d7fc2bacd264651                                         0.0s
 => => sending tarball                                                                                                                  1.4s
unpacking docker.io/library/nginx:nerdctl (sha256:77b08cbea3668d12b71ea1b1fa55bb81e24056b38d0b3fe864bc127706ba70aa)...
Loaded image: docker.io/library/nginx:nerdctl

说明：

构建镜像时支持支持命名空间：nerdctl --namespace k8s.io build -t nginx:nerdctl .

测试构建的镜像：

root@master1:~/buidctl# nerdctl run -d -p 10080:80 --name=nginx --restart=always nginx:nerdctl
c707f450a88a026d05f2f2bf784ed417e47bf1a5d74d0dadc1e045b904a71073
root@master1:~/buidctl# curl http://127.0.0.1:10080
-e Hello Nerdctl From Containerd

注意

nerdctl 构建的机制和 docker 是不同的:

docker 首先会检查本地是否有 Dockerfile 中 FROM 的镜像。如果有，直接使用。没有则通过网络下载镜像;
nerdctl 会根据 Dockerfile FROM参数指定镜像的域名去网上找这个镜像，找到后确认和本地同名镜像校验无误之后，才会使用本地的镜像构建新镜像。

7. 兼容docker compose

nerdctl兼容docker compose：

配置清单文件：

root@master1:~# cat docker-compose.yml
version: "3.7"
services:
  nginx-test:
    container_name: "nginx-test"
    image: nginx:alpine
    restart: always
    networks:
    - test_net
    ports:
    - 20080:80

networks:
  test_net:
    name: test_net
    driver: bridge
    ipam:
      config:
      - subnet: "172.100.0.0/16"

通过docker-compose启动：

root@master1:~# nerdctl compose up -d
INFO[0000] Ensuring image nginx:alpine
WARN[0000] skipping verifying HTTPS certs for "docker.io"
docker.io/library/nginx:alpine:                                                   resolved       |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
index-sha256:a45ee5d042aaa9e81e013f97ae40c3dda26fbe98f22b6251acdf28e579560d55:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
manifest-sha256:d0540253e168c1c4a6ec65d259aadc293efa9b35ad9bf8575a81fa414f79e0c6: done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
config-sha256:099a2d701db1f36dcc012419be04b7da299f48b4d2054fa8ab51e7764891e233:   done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:0102bea57027dc7aee55edbe80b59dec0853bf7fbdfa6b92bcd00bc7eb8d953c:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:6b549263cbbd6a62fbe0fc206b12bfdaf0f8be68ce22381354b69158a965da9a:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:8311a42582b3be423b36b2d2b20dc028c69b089c941ed07c31cb35399305461c:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:56051d5ceced327050d3affcbe858aabf524aacc3bd3a8fb5879dc9f2943af9c:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:86c35ade2ef3fc036c4d252dc91d9bbcb7a182cccde80ed8cd38f2441cc1d114:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:b84a74cde5af5c5199bfc2ce2a8c8951a29a7716d17327e923f1a14c870a858b:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:4838760d22df5943d9a3eadd764e3dfc8477e8e28651724efdb110723febcfb3:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
layer-sha256:ec939b2456d7dd88a36bb7b620b10caed3301f2c440d3385ec7686d69823e69d:    done           |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
elapsed: 21.7s                                                                    total:  17.6 M (828.2 KiB/s)                               
INFO[0021] Creating container nginx-test

# 查看启动的容器
root@master1:~# nerdctl compose ps
NAME        IMAGE                           COMMAND                 SERVICE     STATUS   PORTS
nginx-test  docker.io/library/nginx:alpine  "/docker-entrypoint.…"  nginx-test  running  0.0.0.0:20080->80/tcp
root@master1:~# nerdctl exec -it nginx-test sh
/ # ps -elf
PID   USER     TIME  COMMAND
    1 root      0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
   30 nginx     0:00 nginx: worker process
   31 nginx     0:00 nginx: worker process
   32 nginx     0:00 nginx: worker process
   33 nginx     0:00 nginx: worker process
   34 root      0:00 sh
   40 root      0:00 ps -elf

# 停止
root@master1:~# nerdctl compose down
INFO[0000] Removing container nginx-test
INFO[0000] Removing network test_net
INFO[0000] Removing network root_default

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Containerd命令行工具nerdctl

相比Containerd自带的ctr工具，nerdctl操作方式更接近之前的docker命令。nerdctl 是一个与 docker cli 风格兼容的 containerd 客户端工具，而且直接兼容的语法的。仓库：https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl。
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