HIbernate--HQL举例+详解(一)

HQL

HQL是HIbernate Query Language 的缩写,提供更加丰富灵活、更为强大的查询能力;HQL更接近SQL语句查询语法。

Hibernate查询语言(HQL)是一种面向对象的查询语言,类似与SQL,但不是去对表和列进行操作,而是面向对象和它们的属性。HQL查询被Hibernate翻译为传统的SQL查询从而对数据库进行操作。

注 意 : 除 了 J a v a 类 与 属 性 名 称 外 , 查 询 语 句 对 大 小 写 不 敏 感 。 当 有 相 同 的 实 体 类 名 时 , 必 须 使 用 包 名 . 类 名 。 \color{red}{注意:除了Java类与属性名称外,查询语句对大小写不敏感。当有相同的实体类名时,必须使用包名.类名。} Java使.

HQL查询的步骤:

  1. 获得HibernateSession对象
  2. 编写HQL语句
  3. 调用Sesison的createQuery方法创建查询对象
  4. 如果HQL语句包含参数,则调用Query的setXxx方法为参数赋值
  5. 调用Query对象的list等方法返回查询结果。

准备工作

创建一个Customer实体类

package pers.zhang.domain;

public class Customer {
	private Long cust_id;
	private String cust_name;
	private String cust_source;
	private String cust_industry;
	private String cust_level;
	private String cust_linkman;
	private String cust_phone;
	private String cust_mobile;
	
	public Long getCust_id() {
		return cust_id;
	}
	public void setCust_id(Long cust_id) {
		this.cust_id = cust_id;
	}
	public String getCust_name() {
		return cust_name;
	}
	public void setCust_name(String cust_name) {
		this.cust_name = cust_name;
	}
	public String getCust_source() {
		return cust_source;
	}
	public void setCust_source(String cust_source) {
		this.cust_source = cust_source;
	}
	public String getCust_industry() {
		return cust_industry;
	}
	public void setCust_industry(String cust_industry) {
		this.cust_industry = cust_industry;
	}
	public String getCust_level() {
		return cust_level;
	}
	public void setCust_level(String cust_level) {
		this.cust_level = cust_level;
	}
	public String getCust_linkman() {
		return cust_linkman;
	}
	public void setCust_linkman(String cust_linkman) {
		this.cust_linkman = cust_linkman;
	}
	public String getCust_phone() {
		return cust_phone;
	}
	public void setCust_phone(String cust_phone) {
		this.cust_phone = cust_phone;
	}
	public String getCust_mobile() {
		return cust_mobile;
	}
	public void setCust_mobile(String cust_mobile) {
		this.cust_mobile = cust_mobile;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Customer [cust_id=" + cust_id + ", cust_name=" + cust_name + "]";
	}
}

配置ORM元数据:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC 
    "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
    "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="pers.zhang.domain" >
	<class name="Customer" table="cst_customer" >
		<id name="cust_id"  >
			<generator class="identity"></generator>
		</id>
		<property name="cust_name" column="cust_name" ></property>
		<property name="cust_source" column="cust_source" ></property>
		<property name="cust_industry" column="cust_industry" ></property>
		<property name="cust_level" column="cust_level" ></property>
		<property name="cust_linkman" column="cust_linkman" ></property>
		<property name="cust_phone" column="cust_phone" ></property>
		<property name="cust_mobile" column="cust_mobile" ></property>
	</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

准备数据:
在这里插入图片描述

基本查询–返回List
  • HQL查询的from语句
    如果你想要在存储中加载一个完整并持久的对象,你将使用FROM语句。Hibernate中最简单的查询语句的形式如下:
    from pers.zhang.Customer
    该自居简单的返回Customer类的所有实例。通常我们不需要使用类的全限定名,因为auto-import(自动引入)是缺省的情况。所以我们几乎只使用如下的简单写法:
    from Customer
  • HQL查询的AS 语句
    大多数情况下,需要指定一个别名,原因是可能需要在查询语句的其他部分引用到Customer:
    from Customer as c
    这个语句把别名c指定给类Customer的实例,这样就可以在随后的查询中使用此别名了。关键字as是可选的,所以也可以这样写:
    from Customer c

例子:

@Test
	//基本查询
	public void fun1(){
		//获得session
		Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
		//控制事务
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		//3执行操作
		//-------------------------------------------
		//书写HQL语句
		//String hql = " from cn.itheima.domain.Customer ";
		String hql = " from Customer c"; // 查询所有Customer对象
		//根据HQL语句创建查询对象
		Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
		//根据查询对象获得查询结果
		List<Customer> list = query.list();	// 返回list结果
		
		System.out.println(list);
		//-------------------------------------------
		//4提交事务.关闭资源
		tx.commit();
		session.close();

	}

运行JUnit测试输出:

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_
        
[Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=Google], 
 Customer [cust_id=2, cust_name=联想],
 Customer [cust_id=3, cust_name=百度], 
 Customer [cust_id=4, cust_name=阿里巴巴], 
 Customer [cust_id=5, cust_name=腾讯]]
条件查询–返回唯一对象或List

如果想要精准的从数据库存储中返回特定对象,需要使用where语句。在where字句中允许使用的表达式包括大多数可以在SQL中使用的表达式种类:

  • 数学运算符+,-,*,/
  • 二进制比较运算符=,>=,<=,<>,!=,like
  • 逻辑运算符and,or,not
  • in, not in, between, is null, is not null, is empty, is not empty, member of and not member of
  • “简单的” case, case … when … then … else … end, 和“搜索” case, case when … then … else … end
  • 字符串连接符… || … or concat(…,…)
  • current_date(), current_time(), current_timestamp()
  • second(…),minute(…),hour(…),day(…),month(…),year(…)
  • EJB-QL 3.0 定义的任何函数或操作:substring(),trim(),lower(),upper(),length(),locate(),abs(),sqrt(),bit_length()
  • coalesce()和nullif()
  • cast(… as …), 其第二个参数是某Hibernate类型的名字,以及extract(… from …),只要ANSI cast() 和 extract() 被底层数据库支持
  • JDBC参数传入?
  • 命名参数:name,start_date, :xl
  • SQL 直接常量 ‘foo’, 69, ‘1970-01-01 10:00:01.0’
  • Java public static final 类型常量

关键字in与between可按如下方法使用:
from Customer c where c.cust_name between ‘A’ and ‘B’
from Customer c where c.cust_name in (‘Google’, ‘百度’)
而且否定的格式也可以如下书写:
from Customer c where c.cust_name not between ‘A’ and ‘B’
from Customer c where c.cust_name not in (‘Google’, ‘百度’)

例子:

@Test
	//条件查询
	//HQL语句中,不可能出现任何数据库相关的信息的
	public void fun2(){
		//1 获得session
		Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
		//2 控制事务
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		//3执行操作
		//-------------------------------------------
		//书写HQL语句,条件查询
		String hql1 = " from Customer where cust_id = 1 "; 
		String hql2 = "from Customer c where c.cust_name in ('Google', '百度', '联想')";
		//2根据HQL语句创建查询对象
		Query query1 = session.createQuery(hql1);
		Query query2 = session.createQuery(hql2);
		//3根据查询对象获得查询结果
		Customer c1 = (Customer) query1.uniqueResult();
		List<Customer> list = query2.list();
		
		System.out.println(c1);
		System.out.println(list);
		//-------------------------------------------
		//4提交事务.关闭资源
		tx.commit();
		session.close();
	}

运行JUnit测试输出:

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.cust_id=1
Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.cust_name in (
            'Google' , '百度' , '联想'
        )
Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=Google]
[Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=Google], Customer [cust_id=2, cust_name=联想], Customer [cust_id=3, cust_name=百度]]
条件查询–?占位符

在HQL语句中使用?占位符,然后根据索引类型使用setXxx方法设置参数。
s e t X x x ( i n d e x , a r g ) 中 i n d e x 从 0 开 始 , 与 S Q L 的 从 1 开 始 不 同 ! \color{red}{setXxx(index, arg)中index从0开始,与SQL的从1开始不同!} setXxxindex,argindex0SQL1
例子:

@Test
	//条件查询
	//问号占位符
	public void fun3(){
		//1 获得session
		Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
		//2 控制事务
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		//3执行操作
		//-------------------------------------------
		//书写HQL语句
		String hql = " from Customer where cust_id = ? ";
		//根据HQL语句创建查询对象
		Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
		//设置参数
		//query.setLong(0, 1l);//指定类型
		query.setParameter(0, 1l);//自动匹配类型
		//根据查询对象获得查询结果
		Customer c = (Customer) query.uniqueResult();
		
		System.out.println(c);
		//-------------------------------------------
		//4提交事务.关闭资源
		tx.commit();
		session.close();
	}

运行JUnit测试输出:

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.cust_id=?
Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=Google]
条件查询–命名占位符

命名占位符使用 “:” + “占位符名字” 的格式,随后使用query.setParameter(“占位符名字”, arg)来设置参数。
例子:

@Test
	//条件查询
	//命名占位符
	public void fun4(){
		//1 获得session
		Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
		//2 控制事务
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		//3执行操作
		//-------------------------------------------
		//书写HQL语句
		String hql = " from Customer where cust_id = :id ";
		//根据HQL语句创建查询对象
		Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
		//设置参数
		query.setParameter("id", 1l);
		//根据查询对象获得查询结果
		Customer c = (Customer) query.uniqueResult();
		
		System.out.println(c);
		//-------------------------------------------
		//4提交事务.关闭资源
		tx.commit();
		session.close();
	}

运行JUnit测试输出:

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.cust_id=?
Customer [cust_id=1, cust_name=Google]
分页查询

HQL的分页查询与MySql的limit十分相似,使用两个方法:
1.query.setFirstResult(arg),设置第一条结果从哪个索引开始,相当于limit中的第一个?。
2.query.setMaxResults(arg),设置一次查询多少条数据,相遇于limit中的第二个?。
例子:

@Test
	//分页查询
	public void fun5(){
		//1获得session
		Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
		//2控制事务
		Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
		//3执行操作
		//-------------------------------------------
		//书写HQL语句
		String hql = " from Customer  "; // 查询所有Customer对象
		//根据HQL语句创建查询对象
		Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
		//设置分页信息 limit ?,?
		query.setFirstResult(1);
		query.setMaxResults(2);
		//据查询对象获得查询结果
		List<Customer> list =  query.list();
		
		System.out.println(list);
		//-------------------------------------------
		//4提交事务.关闭资源
		tx.commit();
		session.close();
	}

运行JUnit测试输出:

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.cust_id as cust_id1_0_,
        customer0_.cust_name as cust_nam2_0_,
        customer0_.cust_source as cust_sou3_0_,
        customer0_.cust_industry as cust_ind4_0_,
        customer0_.cust_level as cust_lev5_0_,
        customer0_.cust_linkman as cust_lin6_0_,
        customer0_.cust_phone as cust_pho7_0_,
        customer0_.cust_mobile as cust_mob8_0_ 
    from
        cst_customer customer0_ limit ?,
        ?
[Customer [cust_id=2, cust_name=联想], Customer [cust_id=3, cust_name=百度]]
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