swift ARC

/*

 ARC

  - automatic reference counting, only for reference types

  - Closure and Class etc are reference typesx

 Tips:

    ARC allocates memory to object instance and deallocates when not used.

    if instance been deallocate and you access it, it will crash

    Hence ARC counts how many active reference to that instane, it will not    

    deallocate when at least one active reference on it

    String reference - assignt to property/var/constant etc

 */

class Person{

    var name: String

    init(name:String){

        self.name=name

        print("\(name) allocated")

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(name) deallocated")

    }

}

var ref1:Person?//by default nil

var ref2:Person?

var ref3:Person?

/*

 similar to dead lock, strong reference cycle happens between 2 instance

 hold each other

 */

class Tenant{

    var name:String

    var apartment:Apartment?

    init(name:String){

        self.name=name

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(name) is deallocated")

    }

}

class Apartment{

    var roomid:Int

    var tenant:Tenant?

    init(roomid:Int){

        self.roomid=roomid

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(roomid) is deallocated")

    }

}

var ppl1:Tenant? =Tenant(name: "zhangsan")// use ? to nil it later

var room1:Apartment? =Apartment(roomid: 1)

ppl1!.apartment =room1 // use ! to unwrap

room1!.tenant =ppl1

ppl1=nil ;room1=nil// notice that both instance didn't quote deinit{}

class Tenant2{

    var name:String

    weak var apartment:Apartment2?

    init(name:String){

        self.name=name

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(name) is deallocated")

    }

}

class Apartment2{

    var roomid:Int

    weak var tenant:Tenant2?

    init(roomid:Int){

        self.roomid=roomid

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(roomid) is deallocated")

    }

}

var ppl2:Tenant2?=Tenant2(name:"Lisi")

var appart2:Apartment2?=Apartment2(roomid:2)

ppl2?.apartment=appart2

appart2?.tenant=ppl2

ppl2=nil// print Lisi is deallocated

class Tenant3{

    var name:String

    unowned var apartment:Apartment3

    init(name:String,apartment:Apartment3){

        self.name=name

        self.apartment=apartment

    }

    deinit{

        print("\(name) is deallocated, because of no room")

    }

}

class Apartment3{

    var roomid:Int

    var tenant:Tenant3?

    init(roomid:Int){

        self.roomid=roomid

    }

    deinit{

        print("room\(roomid) is deallocated")

    }

}

    var apart3:Apartment3?=Apartment3(roomid:3)

//Question here

//Approach A will not call deinit of Tenant3

    var ternant3:Tenant3?=Tenant3(name:"wangwu", apartment: apart3!)

    apart3?.tenant=ternant3

//Approach B will call deinit of Tenant3

//    apart3?.tenant=Tenant3(name: "wangwu", apartment: apart3!)

    ternant3=nil

    apart3=nil

// Question here, when you use upper case C below, make country -> Country

// unexpected error

class City{

    var name:String

    var country:Country! // when you use var Country:Country! it will error

    init(name:String,countryName:String){

        self.name=name

        self.country=Country(name:countryName,city:self)

    }

}

class Country{

    var name:String

    unowned var Capital:City

    init(name:String,city:City){

        self.name=name

        self.Capital=city

    }

}

var city = City(name:"hangzhou",countryName:"zhongguo")

// Strong reference cycle with Closure

class A{

    var name:String?

    var age:Int

    lazy var speak:()->String = {

        if let name = self.name{

            return "\(self.name) got a name"

        }else{

            return "ain't got no name, but he got \(self.age)"

        }

    }

    

    init(name:String?,age:Int){

        self.name=name

        self.age=age

    }

    

    deinit{

        print("A class now been terminated and deallocated")

    }

}

var a:A? = A(name: nil, age: 3)

//a=nil // this can run successfully

a?.speak()

//a=nil // until now, a string reference cycle been created, you cant release

/*

Define a capture in a closure as an unowned reference when the closure and the instance it captures will always refer to each other, and will always be deallocated at the same time.

Conversely, define a capture as a weak reference when the captured reference may become nil at some point in the future. Weak references are always of an optional type, and automatically become nil when the instance they reference is deallocated.

*/

class B{

    var name:String?

    var age:Int

    lazy var speak:()->String = {

        [unowned self] in

        if let name = self.name{

            return "\(self.name) got a name"

        }else{

            return "ain't got no name, but he got \(self.age)"

        }

    }

    

    init(name:String?,age:Int){

        self.name=name

        self.age=age

    }

    

    deinit{

        print("A class now been terminated and deallocated")

    }

}

var b:B? = B(name: nil, age: 3)

b?.speak()

b=nil