主要学习内容:
- Beautiful Soup库的入门
- xpath的使用
- re的使用
1. Beautiful Soup库入门
- Beautiful Soup 是一个HTML/XML 的解析器,主要用于解析和提取 HTML/XML 数据。
- 它基于HTML DOM 的,会载入整个文档,解析整个DOM树,因此时间和内存开销都会大很多,所以性能要低于lxml。
- BeautifulSoup 用来解析 HTML 比较简单,API非常人性化,支持CSS选择器、Python标准库中的HTML解析器,也支持 lxml 的 XML解析器。
- 虽然说BeautifulSoup4 简单容易比较上手,但是匹配效率还是远远不如正则以及xpath的,一般不推荐使用,推荐正则的使用。
使用:
- 第一步:pip install beautifulsoup4 ,万事开头难,先安装 beautifulsoup4,安装成功后就完成了第一步。
- 第二步:导入from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
- 第三步:创建 Beautiful Soup对象 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,‘html.parser’)
1.1 Beautiful Soup库的基本元素
-
Beautiful Soup库的理解:
Beautiful Soup库是解析、遍历、维护“标签树”的功能库,对应一个HTML/XML文档的全部内容 -
BeautifulSoup类的基本元素:
Tag 标签,最基本的信息组织单元,分别用<>和</>标明开头和结尾;
Name 标签的名字,<p>…</p>的名字是'p',格式:<tag>.name;
Attributes 标签的属性,字典形式组织,格式:<tag>.attrs;
NavigableString 标签内非属性字符串,<>…</>中字符串,格式:<tag>.string;
Comment 标签内字符串的注释部分,一种特殊的Comment类型;
# 导入bs4库
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests # 抓取页面
r = requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html') # Demo网址
demo = r.text # 抓取的数据
demo
'<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>\r\n<body>\r\n<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>\r\n<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\r\n<a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" class="py1" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" class="py2" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>\r\n</body></html>'
# 解析HTML页面
soup = BeautifulSoup(demo, 'html.parser') # 抓取的页面数据;bs4的解析器
# 有层次感的输出解析后的HTML页面
print(soup.prettify())
'<html>\n <head>\n <title>\n This is a python demo page\n </title>\n </head>\n <body>\n <p class="title">\n <b>\n The demo python introduces several python courses.\n </b>\n </p>\n <p class="course">\n Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\n <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">\n Basic Python\n </a>\n and\n <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">\n Advanced Python\n </a>\n .\n </p>\n </body>\n</html>'
1)标签,用soup.访问获得:
- 当HTML文档中存在多个相同对应内容时,soup.返回第一个
soup.a # 访问标签a
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>
soup.title
<title>This is a python demo page</title>
2)标签的名字:每个都有自己的名字,通过soup..name获取,字符串类型
soup.a.name
'a'
soup.a.parent.name
'p'
soup.p.parent.name
'body'
3)标签的属性,一个可以有0或多个属性,字典类型,soup..attrs
tag = soup.a
print(tag.attrs)
print(tag.attrs['class'])
print(type(tag.attrs))
{'href': 'http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001', 'class': ['py1'], 'id': 'link1'}
['py1']
<class 'dict'>
4)Attributes:标签内非属性字符串,格式:soup..string, NavigableString可以跨越多个层次
print(soup.a.string)
print(type(soup.a.string))
Basic Python
<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
5)NavigableString:标签内字符串的注释部分,Comment是一种特殊类型(有–>)
print(type(soup.p.string))
<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
6) .prettify()为HTML文本<>及其内容增加更加’\n’,有层次感的输出
.prettify()可用于标签,方法:<tag>
.prettify()
print(soup.prettify())
<html>
<head>
<title>
This is a python demo page
</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title">
<b>
The demo python introduces several python courses.
</b>
</p>
<p class="course">
Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
Basic Python
</a>
and
<a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">
Advanced Python
</a>
.
</p>
</body>
</html>
print(soup.a.prettify())
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
Basic Python
</a>
7)bs4库将任何HTML输入都变成utf‐8编码
Python 3.x默认支持编码是utf‐8,解析无障碍
newsoup = BeautifulSoup('<a>中文</a>', 'html.parser')
print(newsoup.prettify())
<a>
中文
</a>
1.2 基于bs4库的HTML内容遍历方法
HTML基本格式:<>…</>
构成了所属关系,形成了标签的树形结构
- 标签树的下行遍历
- .contents 子节点的列表,将
<tag>
所有儿子节点存入列表 - .children 子节点的迭代类型,与.contents类似,用于循环遍历儿子节点
- .descendants 子孙节点的迭代类型,包含所有子孙节点,用于循环遍历
- .contents 子节点的列表,将
- 标签树的上行遍
- .parent 节点的父亲标签
- .parents 节点先辈标签的迭代类型,用于循环遍历先辈节点
- 标签树的平行遍历
- .next_sibling 返回按照HTML文本顺序的下一个平行节点标签
- .previous_sibling 返回按照HTML文本顺序的上一个平行节点标签
- .next_siblings 迭代类型,返回按照HTML文本顺序的后续所有平行节点标签
- .previous_siblings 迭代类型,返回按照HTML文本顺序的前续所有平行节点标签
标签树的下行遍历
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
r=requests.get('http://python123.io/ws/demo.html')
demo=r.text
soup=BeautifulSoup(demo,'html.parser')
print(soup.contents)# 获取整个标签树的儿子节点
[<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>]
pr