except,besides,except for用法的关联和区别

1.作介词用法时,这三个词都有"除…之外"的含义,但except常与do／does／did／have／has／hadnothing等词形成搭配用法,或者与全部肯定词all、everything、everyone等连用,或者与全部否定词nothing、nobody等连用,因此except加宾语作介词"除…之外"时常表示从整体中剔除一部分；而besides作"除…之外"时则表示"另外附加"的含义,相当于"in addition to"。试比较下列例句:

1)He did not hing except watch TV yesterday.

2)He said nothing except to smile just now.

3)All the students took at rip except Tom yesterday.

4)We need 3 more persons to finish the job besides／inaddition to us two.

2.作介词用法时的except后可接多种情况的介词短语。在这种情况下,except后的介词是不可省去的,except加介词的实际作用就相当于连词加相关的从句。例如:

1)The weather is fine today except in the northwest.此句相当于:
The weather is fine today except that it is in the northwest.
2)His mother never takes any exercise except on the dance floor.此句相当于:

His mother never takes any exercise except that she has adance on the floor.

需要强调的是except与exceptfor的用法区别:

1)Except后排除的内容与主语往往是同一类的,而exceptfor后所排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的。例如,试比较:

All the buildings are excellent except this one.

All the buildings are excellent except for their location或者All the buildings are excellent except that the place on which the buidings are built is notgood.

2)当except用在句首时往往改用exceptfor。例如:

There was no single person in the dark street that night except apoliceman on his duty.此句相当于:

Except for apoliceman on his duty,there was no single person in the dark street that night.

3.相当于连词用法的except与相当于连词用法的besides的区别仍然保持它们作介词用法的含义。试比较下列例句:

1)Tom is a good student except that he is careless.此句相当于:Tom is a goods tudent except for his carelessness.

2)Tom seldom comes late to school except when it rains hard.此句相当于:Tom seldom comes late to school except on a heavily rainy day.