耗子叔ARTS：第十六周

                                                                                       耗子叔ARTS：第十六周

Algorithm:

/**
 * 283. Move Zeroes
 * Easy
 * <p>
 * 2170
 * <p>
 * 79
 * <p>
 * Favorite
 * <p>
 * Share
 * Given an array nums, write a function to move all 0's to the end of it while maintaining the relative order of the non-zero elements.
 * <p>
 * Example:
 * <p>
 * Input: [0,1,0,3,12]
 * Output: [1,3,12,0,0]
 * Note:
 * <p>
 * You must do this in-place without making a copy of the array.
 * Minimize the total number of operations.
 */

JAVA：

public static void moveZeroes(int[] nums) {
    int index =0;
    for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
        if (nums[i] != 0) {
            nums[index++]=nums[i];
        }
    }
    while(index<nums.length) {
        nums[index++]=0;
    }
}

 

Review：

https://onezero.medium.com/google-promises-recaptcha-isn-t-exploiting-users-should-you-trust-it-ed99f1543f28  

Google Promises ‘reCAPTCHA’ Isn’t Exploiting Users. Should You Trust It?

An innovative security feature to separate humans from bots online comes with some major concerns

 

Asurprising amount of work online goes into proving you’re not a robot. It’s the basis of those “CAPTCHA” questions often seen after logging into websites: blurry photos of crosswalks, traffic lights, and store fronts that users are tasked with identifying through a series of clicks.

They come in many forms, from blurry letters that must be identified and typed into a box to branded slogans like “Comfort Plus” on the Delta website— as if the sorry state of modern air travel wasn’t already dystopian enough. The most common, however, is Google’s reCAPTCHA, which launched its third version at the end of 2018. It’s designed to drastically reduce the number of challenges you’ll have to complete to log into a website, assigning an invisible score to users depending on how “human” their behavior is. CAPTCHA, after all, is designed to weed out “bot” accounts that flood systems for nefarious ends.

But Google’s innovation has a downside: The new version monitors your every move across a website to determine whether you are, in fact, a person.

A necessary advancement?

Before we get into the “how” of this new technology, it’s useful to understand where it’s coming from. The new reCAPTCHA disrupts a relatively ancient web technology which has been harnessed for plenty of things beyond security.

CAPTCHA — which stands for “Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart” — first appeared in the late ’90s, and it was designed by a team at the early search engine AltaVista. Before CAPTCHA, it was easy for people to program bots that would automatically sign up for services and post spam comments by the thousands. AltaVista’s technology was based on a printer manual’s advice for avoiding bad optical character recognition (OCR); the iconic blurry text in a CAPTCHA was specifically designed to be difficult for a computer to read but legible for humans, thereby foiling bots.

By the early 2000s, these tests were everywhere. Then came reCAPTCHA, developed by researchers at Carnegie Mellon and purchased by Google in 2009. It used the same idea but in an innovative way: the text typed by human users would identify specific words that programs were having trouble recognizing. Essentially, programs would scan text and flag words they couldn’t recognize. Those words would then be placed next to known examples in reCAPTCHA tests — humans would verify the known words and identify the new ones.

By 2011, Google had digitized the entire archive of the New York Times through reCAPTCHA alone. People would type in text from newspaper scans one blurry CAPTCHA at a time, ultimately allowing Google to make the Times’ back catalog searchable, forever. While creating a velvet rope to keep bots off sites, Google had managed to conscript human users into doing the company’s grunt work.

There’s no way to opt out of reCAPTCHA on a site you need to use, forcing you to either accept being tracked or stop using a given service altogether.

With that achievement under its belt, reCAPTCHA switched to showing pictures from Google’s Street View software in 2014, as it does today. After pressing the “I’m not a robot” box, you might be prompted to recognize which of nine images contain “bicycles” or “streetlights.” Behind the scenes, Google reduced the frequency at which people were asked to complete these tests by performing behavioral analysis — reCAPTCHA can now run in the background and track how people use websites.

If a Google cookie is present on your machine, or if the way you use your mouse and keyboard on the page doesn’t seem suspiciously bot-like, visitors will skip the Street View test entirely. But some privacy-conscious users have complained that clearing their cookies or browsing in “Incognito Mode” drastically increases the number of reCAPTCHA tests they’re asked to complete.

Users have also pointed out that browsers competing with Google Chrome, like Firefox, require users to complete more challenges, which naturally raises a question: Is Google using reCAPTCHA to cement its own dominance?