三、Python文件操作

本章内容

1.文件操作基本流程

2.文件编码

3.文件打开模式

4.文件操作方法

5.文件创建

6.文件修改

一、文件操作基本流程

计算机系统分为：

1.计算机硬件；2.操作系统；3.应用程序

众所周知，Python或其它编程语言的程序要想存储数据，就要存储在计算机硬盘里，这就涉及到应用程序操作硬件，但应用程序无法直接操作硬件，不过应用程序可以借用操作系统把复杂的硬件操作封装成接口让用户或应用程序使用，文件是操作系统提供给应用程序来操作硬盘虚拟概念，用户或应用程序通过操作系统文件，将自己的数据存储到硬盘里。

操作文件的流程，代码示例如下：

f=open('a.txt','r') #默认打开模式就为r

#2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作
data=f.read()

#3. 关闭文件
f.close()

注意：有升就有降，有光就有暗，有开就有关，打开文件后，不要忘记关闭。关闭的方法有两种： 1.f.close();2.del f

有时在实际开发中，编写文件操作系统容易忘记关闭，我推荐一种傻瓜式操作方式：使用with关键字来帮我们管理上下文，代码示例如下：

with open('a.txt','w') as f:
    pass
 
with open('a.txt','r') as read_f,open('b.txt','w') as write_f:
    data=read_f.read()
    write_f.write(data)

二、文件编码

在Python3之前为了解决中文乱码问题，会在文件里添加编码（utf-8)，但现在新版本的Python无需加编码。

三、文件打开模式 

#1. 打开文件的模式有(默认为文本模式)：
r ，只读模式【默认模式，文件必须存在，不存在则抛出异常】
w，只写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则清空内容】
a， 只追加写模式【不可读；不存在则创建；存在则只追加内容】

#2. 对于非文本文件，我们只能使用b模式，"b"表示以字节的方式操作
#（而所有文件也都是以字节的形式存储的，使用这种模式无需考虑文本文件的字符编码、
#图片文件的jgp格式、视频文件的avi格式）
rb 
wb
ab
注：以b方式打开时，读取到的内容是字节类型，写入时也需要提供字节类型，不能指定编码

#3,‘+’模式（就是增加了一个功能）
r+， 读写【可读，可写】
w+，写读【可写，可读】
a+， 写读【可写，可读】

#4，以bytes类型操作的读写，写读，写读模式
r+b， 读写【可读，可写】
w+b，写读【可写，可读】
a+b， 写读【可写，可读】

四、文件操作方法

4.1常用操作方法

class file(object)
    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        关闭文件
        """
        close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer.  Close the file.
         
        Sets data attribute .closed to True.  A closed file cannot be used for
        further I/O operations.  close() may be called more than once without
        error.  Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
        may return an exit status upon closing.
        """
 
    def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        文件描述符  
         """
        fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".
         
        This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().
        """
        return 0    
 
    def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        刷新文件内部缓冲区
        """ flush() -> None.  Flush the internal I/O buffer. """
        pass
 
 
    def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        判断文件是否是同意tty设备
        """ isatty() -> true or false.  True if the file is connected to a tty device. """
        return False
 
 
    def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        获取下一行数据，不存在，则报错
        """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """
        pass
 
    def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        读取指定字节数据
        """
        read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
         
        If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
        Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
        may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.
        """
        pass
 
    def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        读取到缓冲区，不要用，将被遗弃
        """ readinto() -> Undocumented.  Don't use this; it may go away. """
        pass
 
    def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        仅读取一行数据
        """
        readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
         
        Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
        number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
        Return an empty string at EOF.
        """
        pass
 
    def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        读取所有数据，并根据换行保存值列表
        """
        readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
         
        Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
        The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
        total number of bytes in the lines returned.
        """
        return []
 
    def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        指定文件中指针位置
        """
        seek(offset[, whence]) -> None.  Move to new file position.
         
        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
(offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
        (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
        relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
        seeking beyond the end of a file).  If the file is opened in text mode,
        only offsets returned by tell() are legal.  Use of other offsets causes
        undefined behavior.
        Note that not all file objects are seekable.
        """
        pass
 
    def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        获取当前指针位置
        """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """
        pass
 
    def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据
        """
        truncate([size]) -> None.  Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
         
        Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
        """
        pass
 
    def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        写内容
        """
        write(str) -> None.  Write string str to file.
         
        Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
        the file on disk reflects the data written.
        """
        pass
 
    def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        将一个字符串列表写入文件
        """
        writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None.  Write the strings to the file.
         
        Note that newlines are not added.  The sequence can be any iterable object
        producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.
        """
        pass
 
    def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        可用于逐行读取文件，非全部
        """
        xreadlines() -> returns self.
         
        For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance
        optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.
        """
        pass

class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):
    """
    Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
    
    encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
    decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).
    
    errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
    help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
    defaults to "strict".
    
    newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
    '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as follows:
    
    * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
      enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
      these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
      caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
      endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
      the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
      string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
    
    * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
      translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
      newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
      of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
      to the given string.
    
    If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
    write contains a newline character.
    """
    def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        关闭文件
        pass

    def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        文件描述符  
        pass

    def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        刷新文件内部缓冲区
        pass

    def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        判断文件是否是同意tty设备
        pass

    def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        读取指定字节数据
        pass

    def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        是否可读
        pass

    def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        仅读取一行数据
        pass

    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        指定文件中指针位置
        pass

    def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        指针是否可操作
        pass

    def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        获取指针位置
        pass

    def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据
        pass

    def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        是否可写
        pass

    def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        写内容
        pass

    def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement next(self). """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

五、文件创建

file = open("D:\\pythonCode\\practice\\" + "new" + ".txt", 'w');
file.write("正义之剑");
file.close();

六、文件修改

import os  # 调用系统模块

with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
    data=read_f.read() #全部读入内存,如果文件很大,会很卡
    data=data.replace('alex','SB') #在内存中完成修改

    write_f.write(data) #一次性写入新文件

os.remove('a.txt')  #删除原文件
os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt')   #将新建的文件重命名为原文件

import os

with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f:
    for line in read_f:
        line=line.replace('alex','SB')
        write_f.write(line)

os.remove('a.txt')
os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt') 

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