常用的字符串函数

1. • 长度不受限制的字符串函数

本章的库函数实现的模板都来自VS2022环境下，不同环境可能略有不同

1.1 strlen（求字符串长度）

size_t __cdecl strlen (const char * str)
{
        const char *eos = str;

        while( *eos++ ) ;

        return( eos - str - 1 );
}

从上面的函数

• 字符串已经 '\0' 作为结束标志，strlen函数返回的是在字符串中 '\0' 前面出现的字符个数（不包

含 '\0' )。

• 参数指向的字符串必须要以 '\0' 结束。

• 注意函数的返回值为size_t，是unsigned int

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1.2 strcpy（拷贝字符串）

char * strcpy(char * dst, const char * src)
{
        char * cp = dst;
 
        while( *cp++ = *src++ )
                ;               /* Copy src over dst */
 
        return( dst );
}

该函数的作用是将指针src处的字符串拷贝到指针dst处

这是cplusplus网站上对于strcpy的解释：

Copies the C string pointed by source into the array pointed by destination, including the terminating null character (and stopping at that point).

解析为以下几点：

• 源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束

• 会将源字符串中的 '\0' 拷贝到目标空间

• 目标空间必须足够大，以确保能存放源字符串

• 目标空间必须可变

另外：函数返回值为char* 类型的指针dst，指向拷贝的目标空间

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1.3 strcat（追加/连接 字符串）

char * __cdecl strcat (char * dst,const char * src)
{
        char * cp = dst;

        while( *cp )
                cp++;                   /* find end of dst */

        while( *cp++ = *src++ ) ;       /* Copy src to end of dst */

        return( dst );                  /* return dst */

}

该函数的作用是将指针src处的字符串追加到指针dst处

Appends a copy of the source string to the destination string. The terminating null character in destination is overwritten by the first character of source, and a null-character is included at the end of the new string formed by the concatenation of both in destination

destination and source shall not overlap.

• 源字符串必须以 '\0' 结束

• 目标空间必须有足够的大，能容纳下源字符串的内容

• 目标空间必须可修改

• 目标和来源不能重叠

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1.4 strcmp（比较字符串）

int __cdecl strcmp (const char * src,const char * dst)
{
        int ret = 0 ;

        while( ! (ret = *(unsigned char *)src - *(unsigned char *)dst) && *dst)
                ++src, ++dst;

        if ( ret < 0 )
                ret = -1 ;
        else if ( ret > 0 )
                ret = 1 ;

        return( ret );
}

该函数的作用是比较两个字符串的大小（非长度，而是ASCII码值）

This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ or until a terminating null-character is reached.

This function performs a binary comparison of the characters.

• 比较每个字符串的第一个字符。如果它们彼此相等，则继续往下对，直到字符不同或达到终止空字符

• 此函数执行字符的二进制比较

PS：这个库函数可以直接搭配另一个库函数qsort进行排升序

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2. • 长度受限制的字符串函数

这部分函数和以上函数大致相同，只是附加了对字符串的处理长度，所以简化描述

2.1 strncpy（拷贝字符串）

char * strncpy ( char * destination, const char * source, unsigned int num );

Copies the first num characters of source to destination. If the end of the source C string
(which is signaled by a null-character) is found before num characters have been copied,
destination is padded with zeros until a total of num characters have been written to it.

• 拷贝num个字符从源字符串到目标空间

• 如果源字符串的长度小于num，则拷贝完源字符串之后，在目标的后边追加0，直到num个

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2.2 strncat（追加字符串）

char * strncat ( char * destination, const char * source, unsigned int num );

Appends the first num characters of source to destination, plus a terminating null-character.
If the length of the C string in source is less than num, only the content up to the terminating null-character is copied.

• 将源的第一个数字字符追加到目标，外加一个终止空字符

• 如果源中 C 字符串的长度小于 num，则仅复制终止空字符之前的内容

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2.3 strncmp（比较字符串）

int strncmp ( const char * str1, const char * str2, unsigned int num );

Compares up to num characters of the C string str1 to those of the C string str2.
This function starts comparing the first character of each string. If they are equal to each other, it continues with the following pairs until the characters differ, until a terminating null-character is reached, or until num characters match in both strings, whichever happens first.

• 将 字符串 str1 的字符数与 字符串 str2 的字符数进行比较。

• 此函数开始比较每个字符串的第一个字符。如果它们彼此相等，则继续使用往下对，直到字符不同，或者直到达到终止的空字符，或者直到两个字符串中的 num 个字符全部匹配，以先发生者为准

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3. • 字符串查找

3.1 strstr (在一个字符串中找另一个字符串)

char * __cdecl strstr (const char * str1,const char * str2)
{
        char *cp = (char *) str1;
        char *s1, *s2;

        if ( !*str2 )
            return((char *)str1);

        while (*cp)
        {
                s1 = cp;
                s2 = (char *) str2;

                while ( *s1 && *s2 && !(*s1-*s2) )
                        s1++, s2++;

                if (!*s2)
                        return(cp);

                cp++;
        }

        return(NULL);
}

该函数的功能是在字符串str1中寻找字符串str2

Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of str2 in str1, or a null pointer if str2 is not part of str1.
The matching process does not include the terminating null-characters, but it stops there.

• 如果字符串str1中能够匹配字符串str2，则返回字符串str1中对应str2的地址，若不匹配则返回NULL

• 匹配过程中 ' \0 '不参与匹配，但是它是结束标志

可以观察下面的例子，思考返回值的作用