transient关键字的作用，writeObject和readObject方法的作用

transient关键字概述

使用transient关键字修饰的属性，在保存对象时，该属性并不会被保存。
简而言之，被transient修饰的变量不参与序列化和反序列化。

在java中，有很多的类都实现了java.io.Serializable接口，但是同时，类中的很多的属性都是被
transient 修饰。
比如 HashSet中对HashMap就是用 transient 关键字进行修饰的。为什么要这么做呢？
我们接下来就一点一点分析下

java中的序列化

序列化概念

序列化：将 Java 对象转换成字节流的过程。
反序列化：将字节流转换成 Java 对象的过程。

什么时候需要序列化，实现

以下是什么时候需要序列化，如何序列化，以及序列化时需要注意的事项

• 当 Java 对象需要在网络上传输 或者 持久化存储到文件中时，就需要对 Java 对象进行序列化处理。

• 序列化的实现：类实现 Serializable 接口，这个接口没有需要实现的方法。实现 Serializable 接口是为了告诉 jvm 这个类的对象可以被序列化。

• 某个类可以被序列化，则其子类也可以被序列化

• 声明为 static 和 transient 的成员变量，不能被序列化。static 成员变量是描述类级别的属性，transient 表示临时数据

• 反序列化读取序列化对象的顺序要保持一致

序列化的过程

java中的序列化实现有2种方式
1、实现 Serializable 接口，告诉jvm这个类是需要被序列化的类
2、实现 Externalizable 接口，这个接口 extend 了 Serializable
只有实现了上述的 2 种方式，才会被序列化

类 ObjectInputStream 和 ObjectOutputStream 是高层次的数据流，它们包含反序列化和序列化对象的方法。

    /**
     * Read an object from the ObjectInputStream.  The class of the object, the
     * signature of the class, and the values of the non-transient and
     * non-static fields of the class and all of its supertypes are read.
     * Default deserializing for a class can be overridden using the writeObject
     * and readObject methods.  Objects referenced by this object are read
     * transitively so that a complete equivalent graph of objects is
     * reconstructed by readObject.
     *
     * <p>The root object is completely restored when all of its fields and the
     * objects it references are completely restored.  At this point the object
     * validation callbacks are executed in order based on their registered
     * priorities. The callbacks are registered by objects (in the readObject
     * special methods) as they are individually restored.
     *
     * <p>Exceptions are thrown for problems with the InputStream and for
     * classes that should not be deserialized.  All exceptions are fatal to
     * the InputStream and leave it in an indeterminate state; it is up to the
     * caller to ignore or recover the stream state.
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException Class of a serialized object cannot be
     *          found.
     * @throws  InvalidClassException Something is wrong with a class used by
     *          serialization.
     * @throws  StreamCorruptedException Control information in the
     *          stream is inconsistent.
     * @throws  OptionalDataException Primitive data was found in the
     *          stream instead of objects.
     * @throws  IOException Any of the usual Input/Output related exceptions.
     */
    public final Object readObject()
        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        if (enableOverride) {
            return readObjectOverride();
        }

        // if nested read, passHandle contains handle of enclosing object
        int outerHandle = passHandle;
        try {
            Object obj = readObject0(false);
            handles.markDependency(outerHandle, passHandle);
            ClassNotFoundException ex = handles.lookupException(passHandle);
            if (ex != null) {
                throw ex;
            }
            if (depth == 0) {
                vlist.doCallbacks();
            }
            return obj;
        } finally {
            passHandle = outerHandle;
            if (closed && depth == 0) {
                clear();
            }
        }
    }
    

    /**
     * Write the specified object to the ObjectOutputStream.  The class of the
     * object, the signature of the class, and the values of the non-transient
     * and non-static fields of the class and all of its supertypes are
     * written.  Default serialization for a class can be overridden using the
     * writeObject and the readObject methods.  Objects referenced by this
     * object are written transitively so that a complete equivalent graph of
     * objects can be reconstructed by an ObjectInputStream.
     *
     * <p>Exceptions are thrown for problems with the OutputStream and for
     * classes that should not be serialized.  All exceptions are fatal to the
     * OutputStream, which is left in an indeterminate state, and it is up to
     * the caller to ignore or recover the stream state.
     *
     * @throws  InvalidClassException Something is wrong with a class used by
     *          serialization.
     * @throws  NotSerializableException Some object to be serialized does not
     *          implement the java.io.Serializable interface.
     * @throws  IOException Any exception thrown by the underlying
     *          OutputStream.
     */
    public final void writeObject(Object obj) throws IOException {
        if (enableOverride) {
            writeObjectOverride(obj);
            return;
        }
        try {
            writeObject0(obj, false);
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            if (depth == 0) {
                writeFatalException(ex);
            }
            throw ex;
        }
    }

HashMap是如何实现序列化的

HashMap 中以下属性也是通过 transient 进行修饰的。

    /**
     * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
     * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
     * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
     * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
     */
    transient Node<K,V>[] table;

    /**
     * Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
     * for keySet() and values().
     */
    transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;

    /**
     * The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
     */
    transient int size;

    /**
     * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
     * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
     * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
     * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
     * the HashMap fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
     */
    transient int modCount;

但是hashMap中存在 writeObject() 和 readObject()方法，在序列化的时候通过反射读取这2个方法，对 transient 修饰的属性进行序列化，反序列化。
因为 hashMap 在存储数据的时候会进行计算hash值，每个操作系统对hash值的计算都是不一样的，所以将存储的数据进行一个一个序列化，在不同的系统取出来的时候，hash值也是一样的。这就保证了数据的一致性。

    /**
     * Save the state of the <tt>HashMap</tt> instance to a stream (i.e.,
     * serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData The <i>capacity</i> of the HashMap (the length of the
     *             bucket array) is emitted (int), followed by the
     *             <i>size</i> (an int, the number of key-value
     *             mappings), followed by the key (Object) and value (Object)
     *             for each key-value mapping.  The key-value mappings are
     *             emitted in no particular order.
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws IOException {
        int buckets = capacity();
        // Write out the threshold, loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        s.writeInt(buckets);
        s.writeInt(size);
        internalWriteEntries(s);
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitutes this map from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
     * @param s the stream
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class of a serialized object
     *         could not be found
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // Read in the threshold (ignored), loadfactor, and any hidden stuff
        s.defaultReadObject();
        reinitialize();
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                             loadFactor);
        s.readInt();                // Read and ignore number of buckets
        int mappings = s.readInt(); // Read number of mappings (size)
        if (mappings < 0)
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " +
                                             mappings);
        else if (mappings > 0) { // (if zero, use defaults)
            // Size the table using given load factor only if within
            // range of 0.25...4.0
            float lf = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f);
            float fc = (float)mappings / lf + 1.0f;
            int cap = ((fc < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) ?
                       DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY :
                       (fc >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                       MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
                       tableSizeFor((int)fc));
            float ft = (float)cap * lf;
            threshold = ((cap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                         (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);

            // Check Map.Entry[].class since it's the nearest public type to
            // what we're actually creating.
            SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Map.Entry[].class, cap);
            @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            Node<K,V>[] tab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[cap];
            table = tab;

            // Read the keys and values, and put the mappings in the HashMap
            for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    K key = (K) s.readObject();
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                    V value = (V) s.readObject();
                putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, false);
            }
        }
    }