[RAC]ORACLE Database 10g RAC for Administrators学习笔记（一）

0. Introduction

What Is a Cluster?

Interconnected nodes act as a single server

Cluster software hides the structure

Disks are available for read and write by all nodes.

Operating system is the same on each machine

What Is Oracle Real Application Clusters?

Multiple instances accessing the same database

One Instance per node

Physical or logical access to each database file

Software-controlled data access

Why Use RAC

High availability

Scalability

Pay as you grow

Key grid computing features

Levels of Scalability

Hardware: Disk input/output (I/O)

Internode communication: High bandwidth and low latency

Operating system: Number of CPUs

Database management system: Synchronization

Application: Design

Scaleup and Speedup

Global Resources Coordination

RAC使用Global Resource Directory (GRD)来记录数据库中资源的使用情况。每个instance管理一部分GRD（resource master）。

Global Cache Services (GCS)-负责在多个instance间维持数据库的多份copy的一致性。使用Cache Fusion算法。

Global Enqueue Services (GES)-负责维持instance间除cache fusion外的其他资源并跟踪enqueue的机制。

Global Cache Coordination: Example

1. The second instance attempting to modify the block submits a request to the GCS.

2. The GCS transmits the request to the holder.

3. The first instance receives the message and sends the block to the second instance. The first instance retains the dirty buffer for recovery purposes (past image).

4. On receipt of the block, the second instance informs the GCS that it holds the block.

Write to Disk Coordination: Example

1. The first instance sends a write request to the GCS.

2. The GCS forwards the request to the holder of the current version of the block.

3. The second instance receives the write request and writes the block to disk.

4. The second instance records the completion of the write operation with the GCS.

5. The GCS orders all past image holders to discard their past images.

Dynamic Reconfiguration

当有节点离开或加入cluster，GRD会重新分配。使用lazy remastering算法，只重新分配最小部分的GRD。同时，所有instance在GRD的grant情况中把所有对于失败的instance的引用都去除。

Object Affinity and Dynamic Remastering

Dynamic remastering：GCS会记录哪些instance经常访问哪些objects，必要时根据访问频度调整GRD的分配。

Global Dynamic Performance Views

GV$视图-将V$视图按instance整合的全局性视图。

使用特殊的并行机制获取：coordinator运行在客户端连接的instance，其他instance上各起一个并行进程。

Additional Memory Requirement for RAC

• Heuristics for scalability cases:

– 15% more shared pool

– 10% more buffer cache

可通过V$RESOURCE_LIMIT中关于ges和gcs的相关统计

Efficient Internode Row-Level Locking

Block的传输不受row-level lock的影响

Parallel Execution with RAC

并行执行一般在一个instance上起并行进程，但如有需要也可扩展到其他instance上。

RAC Software Principles

Additional background processes

• LMON: Global Enqueue Service Monitor

• LMD0: Global Enqueue Service Daemon

• LMSx: Global Cache Service Processes, where x can range from 0 to j

• LCK0: Lock process

• DIAG: Diagnosability process

Main processes of Oracle Clusterware

• CRSD and RACGIMON: Are engines for high-availability operations

• OCSSD: Provides access to node membership and group services

• EVMD: Scans callout directory and invokes callouts in reactions to detected events

• OPROCD: Is a process monitor for the cluster (not used on Linux and Windows)

RAC Software Storage Principles

CRS_HOME

安装在本地存储

ORACLE_HOME

ASM_HOME

可安装在本地存储或共享存储，但在本地存储上可实现滚动升级

Voting files: Is essentially used by the Cluster Synchronization Services daemon for node-monitoring information across the cluster. Its size is set to around 20 MB.

OCR files: It maintains information about the high-availability components in your cluster, such as the cluster node list, cluster database instance to node mapping, and CRS application resource profiles (such as services, Virtual Interconnect Protocol addresses, and so on). This file is maintained by administrative tools such as SRVCTL. Its size is around 100 MB.

以上两项在ASM实例起来前就会使用，因此不能存放于ASM存储，必须是raw device或Cluster File System

Data files

Temp files

Control files

Flash recovery area files

Change tracking file

SPFILE

TDE Wallet

以上必须存放在共享存储，可以是ASMraw deviceCFS，多个实例公用

Undo tablespace

Online redo log files

以上必须存放在共享存储，可以是ASMraw deviceCFS，每个实例独占

Archive logs

不能存放于raw device，可不存放在共享存储，但在做recovery时必须使其他实例能访问（如使用NFS）

Typical Cluster Stack with RAC

Unix和Linux平台使用UDP on Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) 作为节点间通信协议

使用Oracle的clusterware可以减少安装和支持的复杂度，但如使用no-Ethernet的连接或部署了依赖于clusterware的其他应用，则需要安装vendor clusterware。

RAC and Services

可用service将应用分解成多个逻辑上独立的系统，更好地进行负载均衡、优先级控制、性能监控等。（handled by instance using metrics, alerts, scheduler job classes and resource manager.

1. Oracle Clusterware Installation and Configuration

Oracle RAC 10g Installation

– Phase one installs Oracle Clusterware.

– Phase two installs the Oracle Database 10g software with RAC.

Oracle RAC 10g Installation: Outline

1. Complete preinstallation tasks:

– Hardware requirements

– Software requirements

– Environment configuration, kernel parameters, and so on

2. Perform Oracle Clusterware installation.

3. Perform ASM installation.

4. Perform Oracle Database 10g software installation.

5. Install EM agent on cluster nodes.

6. Perform cluster database creation.

7. Complete postinstallation tasks.

Windows and UNIX Installation Differences

• Startup and shutdown services

• Environment variables

• DBA account for database administrators

• Account for running the OUI

Preinstallation Tasks

Check system requirements. 硬件配置、网络配置、共享存储

Check software requirements. 操作系统版本和相关包、hangcheck-timer Module-Linux必须、安装OCFS程序包-Linux，可选

Check kernel parameters.核心参数

Create groups and users. 创建用户和组、放开系统限制、配置远程cluster安装（SSH）

Perform cluster setup.

Virtual IP Addresses and RAC

使用虚IP来配置tns服务名-一个接点down时，另一个节点自动接管虚IP，即刻返回错误并使客户端使用其他地址重连，无须等待网络超时时间。

Verifying Cluster Setup with cluvfy

可用于进行一些preinstallation或postinstallation的check

Verifying the Oracle Clusterware Installation

检查/etc/inittab文件中是否加如了evmd、cssd、crsd进程的自动启动

2. RAC Software Installation

3. RAC Database Creation

Database Services

Transparent Application Failover (TAF) policy

• None: Do not use TAF.

• Basic: Establish connections at failover time.

• Pre-connect: Establish one connection to a preferred instance and another connection to a backup instance that you have selected to be available.

Single Instance to RAC Conversion

• Single-instance databases can be converted to RAC using:

– DBCA

– Enterprise Manager

– RCONFIG utility

• Before conversion, ensure that:

– Your hardware and operating system are supported

– Your cluster nodes have access to shared storage

Single-Instance Conversion Using the DBCA

Conversion steps for a single-instance database on nonclustered hardware:

1. Back up the original single-instance database

使用dbca创建模板

文件路径可选，默认为$ORACLE_HOME/assistants/dbca/templates/下

选择“Maintain the file locations”以便于可将文件restore到当前路径

生成文件template_name.dbc（数据库结构文件）& template_name.dfb（数据库镜像文件）

2. Perform the preinstallation steps.

3. Set up and validate the cluster.

4. Copy the preconfigured database image.

5. Install the Oracle Database 10g software with Real Application Clusters.

选择dbca template selection->Copy the Preconfigured Database Image

Single-Instance Conversion Using rconfig

1. Edit the ConvertToRAC.xml file located in the

$ORACLE_HOME/assistants/rconfig/sampleXMLs directory.

2. Modify the parameters in the ConvertToRAC.xml file as required for your system.

3. Save the file under a different name.

rconfig my_rac_conversion.xml

Single-Instance Conversion Using Grid Control

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