LVM管理

一、简介

LVM是逻辑盘卷管理（Logical Volume Manager）的简称，它是Linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制，LVM是建立在硬盘和分区之上的一个逻辑层，来提高磁盘分区管理的灵活性。

LVM的工作原理其实很简单，它就是通过将底层的物理硬盘抽象的封装起来，然后以逻辑卷的方式呈现给上层应用。在传统的磁盘管理机制中，我们的上层应用是直接访问文件系统，从而对底层的物理硬盘进行读取，而在LVM中，其通过对底层的硬盘进行封装，当我们对底层的物理硬盘进行操作时，其不再是针对于分区进行操作，而是通过一个叫做逻辑卷的东西来对其进行底层的磁盘管理操作。比如说我增加一个物理硬盘，这个时候上层的服务是感觉不到的，因为呈现给上层服务的是以逻辑卷的方式。

LVM最大的特点就是可以对磁盘进行动态管理。因为逻辑卷的大小是可以动态调整的，而且不会丢失现有的数据。如果我们新增加了硬盘，其也不会改变现有上层的逻辑卷。作为一个动态磁盘管理机制，逻辑卷技术大大提高了磁盘管理的灵活性。

基本的逻辑卷管理概念：

PV（Physical Volume）- 物理卷

物理卷在逻辑卷管理中处于最底层，它可以是实际物理硬盘上的分区，也可以是整个物理硬盘，也可以是raid设备。

VG（Volumne Group）- 卷组

卷组建立在物理卷之上，一个卷组中至少要包括一个物理卷，在卷组建立之后可动态添加物理卷到卷组中。一个逻辑卷管理系统工程中可以只有一个卷组，也可以拥有多个卷组。

LV（Logical Volume）- 逻辑卷

逻辑卷建立在卷组之上，卷组中的未分配空间可以用于建立新的逻辑卷，逻辑卷建立后可以动态地扩展和缩小空间。系统中的多个逻辑卷可以属于同一个卷组，也可以属于不同的多个卷组。

PE（Physical Extent）- 物理块

LVM 默认使用4MB的PE区块，而LVM的LV最多仅能含有65534个PE(lvm1的格式)，因此默认的LVM的LV最大容量为4M*65534/(1024M/G)=256G。PE是整个LVM最小的储存区块，也就是说，其实我们的资料都是由写入PE来处理的。简单的说，这个PE就有点像文件系统里面的block大小。所以调整PE会影响到LVM的最大容量！不过，在CentOS 6.x以后，由于直接使用lvm2的各项格式功能，因此这个限制已经不存在了。

二、安装LVM管理工具

2.1 检查系统中是否安装了LVM管理工具

# rpm -qa|grep lvm

2.2 如果未安装，则使用yum方式安装

# yum install lvm*

# rpm -qa|grep lvm

三、新建一个分区

[root@oracle ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x0000832f

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 548 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 548 15666 121428992 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

[root@oracle ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1a091f57.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-652, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-652, default 652):

Using default value 652

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@oracle ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x0000832f

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 548 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 548 15666 121428992 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x1a091f57

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux

四、创建PV

[root@oracle ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1

dev_is_mpath: failed to get device for 8:17

Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created

[root@oracle ~]# pvdisplay

"/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "4.99 GiB"

--- NEW Physical volume ---

PV Name /dev/sdb1

VG Name

PV Size 4.99 GiB

Allocatable NO

PE Size 0

Total PE 0

Free PE 0

Allocated PE 0

PV UUID jqnJu3-zJIc-tLDU-RNhZ-Ixcf-5bXd-uAI0fK

还可以使用命令pv和pvscan查看简略信息

五、创建VG

[root@oracle ~]# vgdisplay

No volume groups found

[root@oracle ~]# vgcreate VolGroup00 /dev/sdb1

Volume group "VolGroup00" successfully created

[root@oracle ~]# vgdisplay

--- Volume group ---

VG Name VolGroup00

System ID

Format lvm2

Metadata Areas 1

Metadata Sequence No 1

VG Access read/write

VG Status resizable

MAX LV 0

Cur LV 0

Open LV 0

Max PV 0

Cur PV 1

Act PV 1

VG Size 4.99 GiB

PE Size 4.00 MiB

Total PE 1278

Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0

Free PE / Size 1278 / 4.99 GiB

VG UUID kyafXU-PWQU-FCam-pxkl-jNZX-qQbH-A2cRMn

还可以使用命令vgs和vgscan查看简略信息

[root@oracle ~]# vgextend VolGroup00 /dev/sdb1

Physical volume '/dev/sdb1' is already in volume group 'VolGroup00'

Unable to add physical volume '/dev/sdb1' to volume group 'VolGroup00'.

[root@oracle ~]# pvdisplay

--- Physical volume ---

PV Name /dev/sdb1

VG Name VolGroup00

PV Size 4.99 GiB / not usable 2.41 MiB

Allocatable yes

PE Size 4.00 MiB

Total PE 1278

Free PE 1278

Allocated PE 0

PV UUID jqnJu3-zJIc-tLDU-RNhZ-Ixcf-5bXd-uAI0fK

六、创建LV

[root@oracle ~]# lvcreate -L 2G -n LogVol00 VolGroup00

Logical volume "LogVol00" created

[root@oracle ~]# lvdisplay

--- Logical volume ---

LV Path /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

LV Name LogVol00

VG Name VolGroup00

LV UUID LkyfTA-1uzY-ZLNx-106T-ZPEx-Yp6k-6yCm4n

LV Write Access read/write

LV Creation host, time oracle, 2017-02-03 10:50:14 +0800

LV Status available

# open 0

LV Size 2.00 GiB

Current LE 512

Segments 1

Allocation inherit

Read ahead sectors auto

- currently set to 256

Block device 253:0

[root@oracle ~]# vgdisplay

--- Volume group ---

VG Name VolGroup00

System ID

Format lvm2

Metadata Areas 1

Metadata Sequence No 2

VG Access read/write

VG Status resizable

MAX LV 0

Cur LV 1

Open LV 0

Max PV 0

Cur PV 1

Act PV 1

VG Size 4.99 GiB

PE Size 4.00 MiB

Total PE 1278

Alloc PE / Size 512 / 2.00 GiB

Free PE / Size 766 / 2.99 GiB

VG UUID kyafXU-PWQU-FCam-pxkl-jNZX-qQbH-A2cRMn

[root@oracle ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

LogVol00 VolGroup00 -wi-a----- 2.00g

七、格式化LV

7.1报错

[root@oracle ~]# resize2fs /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

resize2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

Couldn't find valid filesystem superblock.

[root@oracle ~]# mkdir /sun

[root@oracle ~]# mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /sun

mount: you must specify the filesystem type

7.2使用mkfs.ext4格式化

[root@oracle ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

131072 inodes, 524288 blocks

26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912

16 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@oracle ~]# resize2fs /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

The filesystem is already 524288 blocks long. Nothing to do!

[root@oracle ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x0000832f

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 548 4194304 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda3 548 15666 121428992 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x1a091f57

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux

Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

八、挂载使用

[root@oracle ~]# mount /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 /sun

[root@oracle ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 114G 8.5G 100G 8% /

tmpfs 939M 0 939M 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 2.0G 67M 1.9G 4% /sun

[root@oracle sun]# touch /sun/a.txt

[root@oracle sun]# cat /sun/a.txt

1234

[root@oracle ~]# vgs

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

VolGroup00 1 1 0 wz--n- 4.99g 2.99g

九、继续扩展2G分配给LVM

[root@oracle ~]# lvextend -L +2G -n /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

Extending logical volume LogVol00 to 4.00 GiB

Logical volume LogVol00 successfully resized

[root@oracle ~]# vgs

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree

VolGroup00 1 1 0 wz--n- 4.99g 1016.00m

[root@oracle ~]# lvs

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert

LogVol00 VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 4.00g

[root@oracle ~]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 114G 8.5G 100G 8% /

tmpfs 939M 0 939M 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 2.0G 67M 1.9G 4% /sun

[root@oracle sun]# resize2fs /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem at /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 is mounted on /sun; on-line resizing required

old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1

Performing an on-line resize of /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 to 1048576 (4k) blocks.

The filesystem on /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 is now 1048576 blocks long.

[root@oracle sun]# df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda3 114G 8.5G 100G 8% /

tmpfs 939M 0 939M 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 194M 34M 151M 19% /boot

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00 4.0G 68M 3.7G 2% /sun

[root@oracle sun]# cat a.txt

1234

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