Setting Maximum SGA Size

The SGA_MAX_SIZE initialization parameter specifies the maximum size of the System Global Area for the lifetime of the instance. You can dynamically alter the initialization parameters affecting the size of the buffer caches, shared pool, large pool, Java pool, and streams pool but only to the extent that the sum of these sizes and the sizes of the other components of the SGA (fixed SGA, variable SGA, and redo log buffers) does not exceed the value specified by SGA_MAX_SIZE.
SGA_MAX_SIZE指定SGA在整个生命周期中的最大值.你可以动态调整缓存,共享池,大池,还有steam池但是这个变更只会涉及到所有SGA组件前提是不能够超过SGA_MAX_SIZE的值.    

If you do not specify SGA_MAX_SIZE, then Oracle Database selects a default value that is the sum of all components specified or defaulted at initialization time. If you do specify SGA_MAX_SIZE, and at the time the database is initialized the value is less than the sum of the memory allocated for all components, either explicitly in the parameter file or by default, then the database ignores the setting for SGA_MAX_SIZE and chooses a correct value for this parameter.

如果你不指定SGA_MAX_SIZE那么Oracle会选择一个默认值.如果你指定的这个值,并且在数据库初始化的时候这个值小于所有组件已经分配内存的总和.无论是明确配置还是默认配置,
那么数据库会忽略这个值然后选择一个合适的值.                                                
http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/ADMIN/memory.htm#ADMIN11203

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