【Oracle11g官方文档阅读】DBA Essentials-上篇

Oracle Database Online Documentation 11g Release 2 (11.2)
DBA Essentials
Manage all aspects of your Oracle databases with the Enterprise Manager GUI.

2 Day DBA

Preface

翻译：前言

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is a database administration quick start guide that teaches you how to perform day-to-day database administrative tasks. The goal of this book is to help you understand the concepts behind Oracle Database. It teaches you how to perform all common administration tasks needed to keep the database operational, including how to perform basic troubleshooting and performance monitoring activities.
翻译：Oracle Database 2天DBA是教会你如何进行每天的数据库管理任务快速入门向导。本手册的目标是帮助你理解Oracle深层次的相关内容。手册教会你如何进行日常的保证数据库正常操作相关的管理任务，包括基本的故障排查和日常监控任务。

Audience
翻译：
面向人员

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is for anyone who wants to perform basic administrative tasks with Oracle Database. Only minimal basic knowledge of or experience with database management is required, and a basic knowledge of computers.
翻译：
Oracle 2天DBA是面向任何想要执行oracle基础任务管理的人员，仅仅是需要最基础的数据库管理和基本的计算机技能。

In particular, this guide is for the following groups of Oracle users:
翻译：
特别说明下，这个向导是面向一下Oracle用户组的

•Developers who want to acquire basic database administrator (DBA) skills
翻译：掌握基本DBA技能的开发人员

•Anyone managing database servers
翻译：管理数据库服务器的任何人员

•Database administrators managing an Oracle database for a small or medium-sized business
翻译：中小型企业的Oracle管理人员

This book is equally useful for enterprise DBAs. It recommends best practices and describes efficient ways of performing administrative tasks with Oracle Enterprise Manager as the primary interface.
翻译：本手册对于企业DBA是非常有用的，它推荐了最佳实践，并描述了以Oracle Enterprise Manager为主要界面执行管理任务的有效方法。

Documentation Accessibility
翻译：文档可访问性

For information about Oracle’s commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.
翻译：有关Oracle对可访问性的承诺的信息，请访问
http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.

Access to Oracle Support
翻译：访问Oracle支持

Oracle customers have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.
翻译：有My Oracle Support信息相关的客户，请访问http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs

Related Documentation
翻译：相关文档

For more information, see these Oracle resources:
翻译：更多信息，请查看一下Oracle资源

•Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide

•Oracle Enterprise Manager Advanced Configuration

•Oracle Database Concepts

•Oracle Enterprise Manager Concepts

•Oracle Database Net Services Administrator’s Guide

•Oracle Database SQL Language Reference

•Oracle Database Reference

•Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User’s Guide

•Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Linux and UNIX or other operating system

•Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide

•Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

•Oracle Automatic Storage Management Administrator’s Guide

•Oracle Database Installation Guide

There are also several other 2 Day + books available for a variety of topics:

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Security Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Data Warehousing Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Data Replication and Integration Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day Developer’s Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + .NET Developer’s Guide for Microsoft Windows

•Oracle Database 2 Day + PHP Developer’s Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Application Express Developer’s Guide

•Oracle Database 2 Day + Java Developer’s Guide

Many of the examples in this guide use the sample schemas, which are installed by default when you select the Basic Installation option with an Oracle Database installation. See Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information about how these schemas were created and how you can use them.
翻译：在手册中的样例使用的是样例schemas，当你选择最基本的Oracle数据库安装方式是默认安装的，关于如何创建和使用请看Oracle Database Sample Schemas。

To download free release notes, installation documentation, updated Oracle documentation, white papers, or other collateral, visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register online before using OTN; registration is free and can be done at

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/community/join/overview/index.html

If you have a user name and password for OTN, then you can go directly to the documentation section of the OTN Web site at

http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/

Conventions

The following text conventions are used in this document:

Convention

Meaning

boldface Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.
italic Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for which you supply particular values.
monospace Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.

1 Introduction

As a database administrator (DBA), you are responsible for the overall operation of Oracle Database. This introductory chapter is intended to help orient you to many common DBA tasks, to the tools available to you, and to this guide. The chapter contains the following sections:
翻译：作为一个DBA，你是需要对Oracle正常运行负责的。本介绍性章节旨在帮助您了解许多常见的DBA任务、您可用的工具以及本指南。本章包括以下各节

•About This Guide
翻译：关于本向导

•About Oracle Database
翻译：关于Oracle 数据库

•Common Oracle DBA Tasks
翻译：常见的Oracle DBA任务

•Tools for Administering the Database
翻译：数据库管理工具

About This Guide
翻译：关于本向导

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is a database administration quick start guide that teaches you how to perform day-to-day database administrative tasks. The goal of this guide is to help you understand the concepts behind Oracle Database, and to help you learn how to perform all common administrative tasks needed to keep the database operational. These tasks include configuring the database, managing memory and storage, managing users, managing database objects such as tables, performing basic troubleshooting, creating backups for your database, performance monitoring activities, and more.
翻译:
Oracle数据库2天DBA是一个数据库管理快速入门指南，它教您如何执行日常数据库管理任务。本指南的目标是帮助您了解Oracle数据库背后的概念，并帮助您了解如何执行保持数据库正常运行所需的所有常见管理任务。这些任务包括配置数据库、管理内存和存储、管理用户、管理数据库对象（如表）、执行基本故障排除、为数据库创建备份、性能监视活动等等。

The primary administrative interface used in this guide is Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control, featuring all the self-management capabilities introduced in Oracle Database.
翻译：
本指南中使用的主要管理界面是Oracle Enterprise Manager数据库控制，它具有Oracle数据库中引入的所有自我管理功能。

What This Guide Is Not

Oracle Database 2 Day DBA is task-oriented. The objective is to describe why and when administrative tasks must be performed. Where appropriate, it describes the concepts necessary to understand and complete a task, assuming the reader has no prior knowledge of the database. This guide is not an exhaustive discussion of all Oracle Database concepts. For this type of information, see Oracle Database Concepts.
翻译：Oracle数据库2天DBA是面向任务的。目标是描述必须执行管理任务的原因和时间。在适当的情况下，它描述了理解和完成任务所必需的概念，前提是读者没有数据库的先验知识。本指南并不是对所有Oracle数据库概念的详尽讨论。有关此类型的信息，请参阅Oracle数据库概念。

Additionally, for a complete discussion of administrative tasks, see Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide.
翻译：此外，有关管理任务的完整讨论，请参阅《Oracle数据库管理员指南》。

How to Use This Guide with Related Material
翻译：如何将本指南与相关资料结合使用

This guide is part of a comprehensive set of learning material for administering Oracle Database, which includes a 2 Day DBA Oracle By Example (OBE) series, available on the Web, and in an Oracle University instructor-led class.
翻译：本指南是一套用于管理Oracle数据库的综合学习材料的一部分，其中包括一个为期2天的DBA Oracle by Example（OBE）系列，可在Web上获得，并在Oracle大学讲师指导的课程中获得。

Every chapter in Oracle Database 2 Day DBA has an associated Oracle By Example lesson. The OBE steps through all tasks in the chapter and includes annotated screenshots. In some cases, the OBE provides additional information to help you complete the task.
翻译：Oracle数据库2天DBA中的每一章都有一个相关的“Oracle by example”课程。OBE将逐步完成本章中的所有任务，并包括带注释的屏幕截图。在某些情况下，OBE提供了其他信息来帮助您完成任务。

At the end of each chapter, you can find the link to its associated OBE lesson. The home page for the 2 Day DBA Oracle By Example series is as follows:
翻译：在每章的末尾，您可以找到与其相关的OBE课程的链接。2天DBA Oracle by Example系列的主页如下：

http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/db/11g/r2/2day_dba/index.html

In addition, Oracle University provides a related instructor-led course called Oracle Database 11g: 2 Day DBA. Contact Oracle University for more information.
翻译：此外，甲骨文大学还提供了一个相关的讲师指导课程，名为“甲骨文数据库11g:2天DBA”。有关更多信息，请联系Oracle大学。

About Oracle Database
翻译：关于Oracle Database

Oracle Database is a relational database with object and Extensible Markup Language (XML) capabilities. In a relational database, all data is stored in two-dimensional tables that are composed of rows and columns. Oracle Database enables you to store data, update it, and efficiently retrieve it, with a high degree of performance, reliability, and scalability.
翻译：
Oracle数据库是一个具有对象和可扩展标记语言（XML）功能的关系数据库。在关系数据库中，所有数据都存储在由行和列组成的二维表中。Oracle数据库使您能够以高性能、可靠性和可扩展性存储数据、更新数据并高效地检索数据。

Oracle Database is composed of the following elements:
Oracle数据库由以下元素组成：

•The Oracle software that you install on your host computer
您在主机上安装的Oracle软件

•The database, which is a collection of physical files on one or more disks
数据库，它是一个或多个磁盘上物理文件的集合。

The database contains user data, metadata, and control structures. Metadata, or data about the data, is the collection of information on disk that permits Oracle software to manage user data. An example of metadata is the data dictionary. Control structures (such as the control file and online redo log files) ensure the integrity, availability, and recoverability of user data.
数据库包含用户数据、元数据和控制结构。元数据，或者数据的相关数据，是磁盘上允许Oracle软件管理用户数据的信息集合。元数据的一个例子是数据字典。控制结构（如控制文件和在线重做日志文件）确保用户数据的完整性、可用性和可恢复性。

•The Oracle instance, which is composed of the following:
Oracle实例，由以下部分组成：

◦The background processes, which are the operating system processes or threads that perform the work of accessing, storing, monitoring, and recovering user data, metadata, and control files associated with the database
后台进程，是执行访问、存储、监视和恢复与数据库相关联的用户数据、元数据和控制文件工作的操作系统进程或线程。

◦The shared memory areas used by the background processes
后台进程使用的共享内存区域

•Server processes that perform work on behalf of connected users and applications, and the memory and temporary storage used by these processes
代表已连接的用户和应用程序执行工作的服务器进程，以及这些进程使用的内存和临时存储

Server processes parse and execute SQL statements, and retrieve and return results to the user or application.
服务器进程分析和执行SQL语句，并检索结果并将结果返回给用户或应用程序。

•Oracle Net, which is a software layer that enables client applications and Oracle Database to communicate over a network, and the Oracle Net listener, which is a process that listens for connection requests from the network.
Oracle NET是一个软件层，它允许客户机应用程序和Oracle数据库通过网络进行通信；Oracle NET Listener是一个过程，它侦听来自网络的连接请求。

See Also:

•Chapter 4, “Configuring the Network Environment”

•Chapter 5, “Managing the Oracle Instance”

•Chapter 6, “Managing Database Storage Structures”

•Oracle Database Concepts for more information about background processes

•Oracle Database Reference for more information about background processes

Common Oracle DBA Tasks

As an Oracle DBA, you can expect to be involved in the following tasks:

•Installing Oracle software

•Creating Oracle databases

•Performing upgrades of the database and software to new release levels

•Starting and shutting down the database instance

•Managing the storage structures of the database

•Managing users and security

•Managing database objects, such as tables, indexes, and views

•Backing up the database and performing recovery operations when necessary

•Monitoring the state of the database and taking preventive or corrective action as required

•Monitoring and tuning database performance

•Diagnosing and reporting critical errors to Oracle Support Services

In a small to medium-sized database environment, you might be the sole person performing these tasks. In large, enterprise environments, the job is often divided among several DBAs, each of whom has a specialty, such as database security or database tuning.

See Also:

•Oracle Database Concepts for more information about the duties of database administrators

Tools for Administering the Database
管理数据库的工具

The goal of this guide is to enable you to quickly and efficiently create an Oracle database, and to provide guidance in basic database administration.
本指南的目标是使您能够快速高效地创建Oracle数据库，并在基本数据库管理中提供指导。

The following are some products, tools, and utilities you can use to achieve your goals as a database administrator:
以下是一些产品、工具和实用程序，您可以使用它们作为数据库管理员来实现您的目标：

•Oracle Universal Installer

Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is a utility that installs your Oracle software and options. It can automatically start Oracle Database Configuration Assistant to install a database.
Oracle Universal Installer（OUI）是一个安装Oracle软件和选项的实用程序。它可以自动启动Oracle数据库配置助手来安装数据库。

•Oracle Database Configuration Assistant
数据库配置助手

Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) is a utility that creates a database from templates that are supplied by Oracle, or you can create your own. It enables you to copy a preconfigured seed database, thus saving the time and effort of generating and customizing a new database.
Oracle数据库配置助手（DBCA）是一个实用程序，它可以使用Oracle提供的模板创建数据库，也可以创建自己的数据库。它使您能够复制预先配置的种子数据库，从而节省生成和定制新数据库的时间和精力。

•Database Upgrade Assistant
数据库升级助手

The Database Upgrade Assistant is a tool that guides you through the upgrade of your existing database to a new Oracle Database release.
数据库升级助手是一个工具，它指导您将现有数据库升级到新的Oracle数据库版本。

•Net Configuration Assistant
网络配置助手

Net Configuration Assistant (NETCA) is a utility that enables you to configure listeners and naming methods, which are critical components of the Oracle Database network.
NET配置助手（netca）是一个实用程序，它使您能够配置侦听器和命名方法，这是Oracle数据库网络的关键组件。

•Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control
Oracle Enterprise Manager数据库控制

The primary product for managing your database is Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control (Database Control), a Web-based interface. After you have installed the Oracle Database software, created or upgraded a database, and configured the network, you can use Database Control to manage your database. Database Control also provides an interface for performance advisors and for Oracle utilities such as SQLLoader and Recovery Manager (RMAN).
管理数据库的主要产品是Oracle Enterprise Manager数据库控制（数据库控制），这是一个基于Web的界面。安装Oracle数据库软件、创建或升级数据库以及配置网络后，可以使用数据库控制来管理数据库。数据库控制还为性能顾问和Oracle实用程序（如SQL加载器和恢复管理器（RMAN））提供了接口。

Oracle also offers separately licensed Oracle Enterprise Manager management packs, management plug-ins, and other products you can purchase to enhance the capabilities of Oracle Enterprise Manager in specific environments.
Oracle还提供单独许可的Oracle Enterprise Manager管理包、管理插件和您可以购买的其他产品，以增强Oracle Enterprise Manager在特定环境中的功能。

See Also:

◦Oracle Database Licensing Information

2 Installing Oracle Database and Creating a Database

This chapter describes how to install Oracle Database software and create a database.
本章介绍如何安装Oracle数据库软件和创建数据库。

If you are using an earlier release of Oracle Database and want to install a later release of the Oracle Database software, then you can upgrade your existing Oracle Database and use it with the new release of the database software. See “Upgrading a Database”.
如果您使用的是较早版本的Oracle数据库，并且希望安装较新版本的Oracle数据库软件，则可以升级现有的Oracle数据库，并将其与新版本的数据库软件一起使用。请参见“升级数据库”。

This chapter contains the following sections:

•Overview of Installing Oracle Database Software and Creating a Database

•Installing Oracle Database Software

•Creating and Managing a Database with DBCA

•Installation: Oracle By Example Series

Overview of Installing Oracle Database Software and Creating a Database
安装Oracle数据库软件和创建数据库概述

To install your Oracle Database software, use Oracle Universal Installer (OUI). OUI is a graphical user interface utility that enables you to install new Oracle Database software. Online Help is available to guide you through the installation process.
要安装Oracle数据库软件，请使用Oracle Universal Installer（OUI）。oui是一个图形用户界面实用程序，允许您安装新的Oracle数据库软件。在线帮助可指导您完成安装过程。

During the installation process, you are given the opportunity to create a database. If you choose to do so, then OUI automatically starts Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to guide you through the process of creating and configuring a database.
在安装过程中，您有机会创建数据库。如果您选择这样做，那么OUI会自动启动Oracle数据库配置助手（DBCA），以指导您完成创建和配置数据库的过程。

Before you start the installation process, see the following sections for information about prerequisites and installation choices:
在开始安装过程之前，请参阅以下部分，以了解有关先决条件和安装选项的信息：

•Checking Prerequisites
检查先决条件

•Deciding on Installation Choices
决定安装选择

If you do not create a database during installation, then you must run DBCA at some point after installation to create a database.
如果在安装期间不创建数据库，则必须在安装之后的某个时间点运行dbca以创建数据库。

Note:
After you create a database, either during installation or as a standalone operation, you do not have to create another. Each Oracle instance works with a single database only. Rather than requiring that you create multiple databases to accommodate different applications, Oracle Database uses a single database, and accommodates multiple applications by enabling you to separate data into different schemas within the single database. See “About User Accounts” for more information about schemas.
无论是在安装过程中还是作为独立操作创建数据库之后，都不必再创建其他数据库。每个Oracle实例只与一个数据库一起工作。Oracle数据库不需要创建多个数据库来容纳不同的应用程序，而是使用一个数据库，并通过允许您将数据分离到单个数据库中的不同模式来容纳多个应用程序。有关模式的详细信息，请参阅“关于用户帐户”。

Checking Prerequisites

Before installing the software, OUI performs several automated checks to ensure that your computer fulfills the basic hardware and software requirements for an Oracle Database installation. If your computer does not meet a requirement, then an error message is displayed. The requirements may vary depending upon the type of computer and operating system you are using, but some prerequisites include:
在安装软件之前，OUI会执行一些自动检查，以确保您的计算机满足Oracle数据库安装的基本硬件和软件要求。如果您的计算机不符合要求，则会显示一条错误消息。这些要求可能因所使用的计算机和操作系统的类型而异，但某些先决条件包括：

•There is a minimum of 1 GB of physical memory.
至少有1 GB的物理内存。

•Sufficient paging space is available.
有足够的分页空间。

•The appropriate service packs or patches for your operating system are installed.
已为您的操作系统安装适当的Service Pack或修补程序。

•An appropriate file system format is being used.
正在使用适当的文件系统格式。

See Also:

•Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform for more information about exact requirements
数据库安装指南为您的平台提供更多关于准确要求的信息

Deciding on Installation Choices
决定安装选择

Oracle Universal Installer guides you through an interview phase where you specify your choices for installation and database creation. The exact sequence of steps depends on your operating system. As you progress through the installation, you are presented with choices on how to configure the database.
OracleUniversalInstaller将指导您完成一个面谈阶段，在该阶段您可以指定安装和数据库创建的选择。步骤的确切顺序取决于您的操作系统。在安装过程中，您将看到如何配置数据库的选项。

•Install Options

•Installation Method

•Installation Type

•Software Installation Directories

•Database File Location

•Database Identifiers

•About Advanced Installation

Install Options

You can choose to create and configure a database, or to only install the database software.
您可以选择创建和配置数据库，或者只安装数据库软件。

You can create a preconfigured database or a custom-configured database during installation. If you choose not to create a database during installation, then you must run DBCA after installation to create a database.
您可以在安装过程中创建预配置的数据库或自定义配置的数据库。如果选择在安装过程中不创建数据库，则必须在安装后运行dbca以创建数据库。

Preconfigured databases are based on templates that Oracle provides or that you create. Each Oracle-provided template is optimized for a particular workload type. See Table 2-2, “Oracle-Provided DBCA Templates and Their Corresponding Workloads” for information about the types of preconfigured databases.
预配置的数据库基于Oracle提供的或您创建的模板。每个Oracle提供的模板都针对特定的工作负载类型进行了优化。有关预配置数据库类型的信息，请参见表2-2“Oracle提供的DBCA模板及其相应的工作负载”。

If you choose to use the Desktop Class installation method, then the general purpose database template is used. To create a custom database in which you configure your own database structure, see “About Advanced Installation”.
如果选择使用桌面类安装方法，则使用通用数据库模板。要创建自定义数据库，在其中配置自己的数据库结构，请参阅“关于高级安装”。

Note:
If you must create a new database, then Oracle recommends that you install a preconfigured database, which is faster and easier. You can customize the database after it has been created.
如果您必须创建一个新的数据库，那么Oracle建议您安装一个预配置的数据库，它更快、更容易。您可以在创建数据库之后自定义它。

Installation Method

The installation methods are divided into Desktop Class and Server Class:
安装方法分为桌面类和服务器类：

•Desktop Class—This installation class is most appropriate for laptop or desktop computers. It includes a starter database and requires minimal configuration.
桌面类此安装类最适合笔记本或台式计算机。它包括一个启动数据库，需要最少的配置。

•Server Class—This installation class is for servers, such as you would find in a data center, or used to support enterprise-level applications. Choose this installation class if you need access to advanced configuration options.
服务器类此安装类用于服务器，如数据中心中的服务器，或用于支持企业级应用程序。如果需要访问高级配置选项，请选择此安装类。

During a Desktop Class installation, you make only basic choices. For a Server Class installation, you choose either typical installation (where you make only basic choices) or advanced installation.
在桌面类安装过程中，您只做基本的选择。对于服务器类安装，可以选择典型安装（仅在其中进行基本选择）或高级安装。

During a Desktop Class or a typical installation, Oracle Database automatically installs the sample schemas.
在桌面类或典型安装过程中，Oracle数据库会自动安装示例架构。

Installation Type

When you install Oracle Database during basic and advanced installations, you need answers for the questions listed in this section. OUI provides default values for every choice.
在基本和高级安装过程中安装Oracle数据库时，需要回答本节中列出的问题。oui为每个选项提供默认值。

•What type of database edition installation do you want to perform?
要执行哪种类型的数据库版本安装？

Your choices are:

◦Enterprise Edition—This installation type is the full-featured Oracle Database product that provides data management for enterprise-level applications. It is intended for mission-critical, high-security online transaction processing (OLTP) and data warehousing environments.
Enterprise Edition此安装类型是为企业级应用程序提供数据管理的全功能Oracle数据库产品。它适用于关键任务、高安全性的在线事务处理（OLTP）和数据仓库环境。

◦Standard Edition—This installation type is suitable for workgroup or department-level applications, and for small to medium-sized enterprises. It provides core relational database management services and options and includes an integrated set of management tools, replication, Web features, and facilities for building business-critical applications.
标准版此安装类型适用于工作组或部门级应用程序，也适用于中小型企业。它提供核心的关系数据库管理服务和选项，并包括一组集成的管理工具、复制、Web功能和用于构建业务关键型应用程序的设施。

◦Standard One Edition—This installation type is suitable for workgroup, department, or web applications. It provides core relational database management services for single-server environments or highly distributed branch environments. Oracle Standard Edition One includes all the facilities necessary to build business-critical applications.
标准版此安装类型适用于工作组、部门或Web应用程序。它为单服务器环境或高度分布式的分支环境提供核心关系数据库管理服务。Oracle Standard Edition One包括构建业务关键型应用程序所需的所有设施。

◦Personal Edition (Microsoft Windows operating systems only)—This installation type installs the same software as the Enterprise Edition, but supports only a single-user, development and deployment environment.
个人版（仅限Microsoft Windows操作系统）-此安装类型安装的软件与企业版相同，但仅支持单个用户、开发和部署环境。

•What are your database configuration options?
您的数据库配置选项是什么？

Software Installation Directories
软件安装目录

You must specify the directory in which the Oracle Database software is installed, or the location where the product binary files are copied from the installation media. You must choose a location that has enough disk space to contain the software and is accessible by the operating system user performing the installation.
必须指定安装Oracle数据库软件的目录，或从安装介质复制产品二进制文件的位置。您必须选择一个具有足够的磁盘空间来包含软件并可由执行安装的操作系统用户访问的位置。

You also specify the location of the Oracle base directory, which is used by all Oracle software products installed on the server. The first time you install Oracle Database software on a server, you are prompted to specify the location of the inventory directory, called oraInventory. This directory provides a centralized inventory of all Oracle software products installed on the server. You should use the same value for the Oracle inventory directory each time you perform an Oracle software installation on the server.
还可以指定Oracle基本目录的位置，该目录由安装在服务器上的所有Oracle软件产品使用。第一次在服务器上安装Oracle数据库软件时，系统会提示您指定清单目录（称为orainventory）的位置。此目录提供安装在服务器上的所有Oracle软件产品的集中清单。每次在服务器上执行Oracle软件安装时，都应该对Oracle清单目录使用相同的值。

Database File Location
数据库文件位置

A database includes several files that store the user data, database metadata, and information required to recover from failures. As an administrator, you decide what kind of storage subsystem to use for these files. You can select from the following options:
数据库包含多个文件，这些文件存储用户数据、数据库元数据以及从故障中恢复所需的信息。作为管理员，您可以决定对这些文件使用哪种存储子系统。您可以从以下选项中进行选择：

•File System—This default option creates database files that are managed by the file system of your operating system. You can specify the directory path where database files are to be stored. Oracle Database can create and manage the actual files.
文件系统此默认选项创建由操作系统的文件系统管理的数据库文件。可以指定存储数据库文件的目录路径。Oracle数据库可以创建和管理实际文件。

If you are not certain about which option to use, then select File System (the default).
如果不确定要使用哪个选项，请选择文件系统（默认）。

•Automatic Storage Management—This option enables you to place your data files in Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) disk groups. If you choose Oracle ASM, then Oracle Database automatically manages database file placement and naming. For environments with a large number of disks, this option simplifies database administration and maximizes performance. Oracle ASM performs software striping and mirroring at the file level for maximum storage flexibility, performance, and availability.
自动存储管理此选项允许您将数据文件放在Oracle自动存储管理（Oracle ASM）磁盘组中。如果选择Oracle ASM，则Oracle数据库将自动管理数据库文件的放置和命名。对于具有大量磁盘的环境，此选项简化了数据库管理并最大限度地提高了性能。Oracle ASM在文件级别执行软件条带化和镜像，以实现最大的存储灵活性、性能和可用性。

Oracle ASM uses an Oracle ASM instance, which is distinct from the database instance, to configure and manage disk groups. A single Oracle ASM instance can provide storage for multiple databases on the same server.
Oracle ASM使用与数据库实例不同的Oracle ASM实例来配置和管理磁盘组。单个Oracle ASM实例可以为同一服务器上的多个数据库提供存储。

For more information, see “About Oracle Automatic Storage Management” and Oracle Automatic Storage Management Administrator’s Guide.
有关详细信息，请参阅“关于Oracle自动存储管理”和《Oracle自动存储管理管理员指南》。

Note:
In past releases, Oracle ASM was installed as part of the Oracle Database installation. With Oracle Database 11g release 2 (11.2), Oracle ASM is part of an Oracle grid infrastructure installation.
To use Oracle ASM for storing database files, you must have installed Oracle ASM and created one or more disk groups before performing the Oracle Database installation.
在过去的版本中，Oracle ASM是作为Oracle数据库安装的一部分安装的。使用Oracle Database 11g Release 2（11.2），Oracle ASM是Oracle网格基础结构安装的一部分。
要使用Oracle ASM存储数据库文件，必须先安装Oracle ASM并创建一个或多个磁盘组，然后才能执行Oracle数据库安装。

Database Identifiers

These options include your global database name and system identifier (SID). The SID is a unique identifier that is used to distinguish this instance from other Oracle Database instances that you may create later and run concurrently on your system.
这些选项包括全局数据库名称和系统标识符（SID）。SID是一个唯一的标识符，用于将此实例与以后可能创建并在系统上并发运行的其他Oracle数据库实例区分开来。

The global database name is the full name of the database that uniquely distinguishes it from any other database. The global database name is in the form database_name.database_domain, for example sales.example.com. The database name portion sales is a simple name you call your database. The database domain portion example.com specifies the database domain in which the database is located. Together, the database name and domain form the global database name.
全局数据库名称是唯一区别于任何其他数据库的数据库的全名。全局数据库名称的格式为database_name.database_domain，例如sales.example.com。数据库名称部分销售是一个称为数据库的简单名称。database domain部分example.com指定数据库所在的数据库域。数据库名称和域一起构成全局数据库名称。

About Advanced Installation

During advanced installations using the Server Class method you are prompted to make the additional choices listed in this section, and the choices for a typical installation. The installation process provides default values for every choice.
在使用服务器类方法进行高级安装时，系统将提示您进行本节中列出的其他选择以及典型安装的选择。安装过程为每个选项提供默认值。

This guide describes, but does not document, these additional advanced installation choices. For more information, see Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform.
本指南介绍但不记录这些附加的高级安装选项。有关详细信息，请参阅适用于您的平台的《Oracle数据库安装指南》。

•Product Languages

You choose which language the software should use after it is installed. You can select multiple languages. The default value is English. If you choose a value other than English, it does not change the language used by the installation.
您可以选择软件安装后应使用的语言。您可以选择多种语言。默认值为英语。如果选择的值不是英语，则不会更改安装使用的语言。

•Database Configuration Type

You select a template to use when configuring the database. You can choose either either General Purpose/Transaction Processing or Data Warehousing.
选择配置数据库时要使用的模板。您可以选择通用/事务处理或数据仓库。

•Database Configuration Options

You can choose how to configure the database created by the installer. You can select the memory size and management options, the character sets used to store data, the security options for database access, and whether the sample schemas should be installed.
您可以选择如何配置安装程序创建的数据库。您可以选择内存大小和管理选项、用于存储数据的字符集、用于数据库访问的安全选项以及是否应安装示例架构。

To complete the exercises in this guide and related course material, you must install the sample schemas. This data is also used in most examples throughout Oracle Database documentation. Oracle recommends that you install the sample schemas.
要完成本指南和相关课程材料中的练习，必须安装示例模式。在整个Oracle数据库文档中的大多数示例中也使用了此数据。Oracle建议您安装示例架构。

This choice is a configuration option only during advanced installation. Sample schemas are installed by default during typical or Desktop class installations.
此选项仅在高级安装期间为配置选项。在典型或桌面类安装期间，默认情况下安装示例架构。

•Database Management Options

You specify whether to manage your database centrally or locally using Oracle Enterprise Manager. Central management enables you to manage multiple targets, such as databases and application servers, using a single interface. Using local management you can manage only a single database instance at a time.
您可以使用Oracle Enterprise Manager指定是集中管理还是本地管理数据库。中央管理使您能够使用单个界面管理多个目标，如数据库和应用程序服务器。使用本地管理，一次只能管理一个数据库实例。

To use central management, you must have an Oracle Enterprise Management agent on each host, or computer that has Oracle Database software installed on it. These agents are responsible for monitoring all components on that host. If an agent is not found on the local host, then this option is disabled during installation.
要使用中央管理，您必须在每台主机上或安装了Oracle数据库软件的计算机上安装Oracle企业管理代理。这些代理负责监视该主机上的所有组件。如果在本地主机上找不到代理，则在安装过程中禁用此选项。

If you are setting up a single database for the first time, then it is recommended that you configure local management with Oracle Enterprise Manager, which is the default. You can later install additional databases and configure central management using Enterprise Manager.
如果您是第一次设置单个数据库，建议您使用Oracle Enterprise Manager（默认设置）配置本地管理。以后可以安装其他数据库，并使用Enterprise Manager配置中央管理。

•Recovery Options

You specify whether automated backups should be configured for the database. If you choose this option, you must specify whether the recovery area should be stored on the local file system or in an Oracle ASM disk group. You must also specify the operating system credentials the backup job uses when performing backups.
指定是否应为数据库配置自动备份。如果选择此选项，则必须指定恢复区域应存储在本地文件系统上还是存储在Oracle ASM磁盘组中。还必须指定备份作业在执行备份时使用的操作系统凭据。

Note:
To use Oracle ASM for recovery area storage, you must have installed Oracle ASM as part of an Oracle grid infrastructure installation and created one or more disk groups before performing the Oracle Database installation.
要将Oracle ASM用于恢复区域存储，必须在执行Oracle数据库安装之前，将Oracle ASM安装为Oracle网格基础结构安装的一部分，并创建一个或多个磁盘组。

•Schema Passwords

When you create a database, certain administrative user accounts are created automatically. You are prompted to enter the passwords for the SYS, SYSTEM, SYSMAN, and DBSNMP accounts, which enable you to manage and administer the database. You can use the same password for each account, or specify passwords for each account individually. If you do not enter a secure password, you will receive a warning message during installation.
创建数据库时，将自动创建某些管理用户帐户。系统将提示您输入sys、system、sysman和dbsnmp帐户的密码，这些帐户使您能够管理和管理数据库。您可以对每个帐户使用相同的密码，或者分别为每个帐户指定密码。如果不输入安全密码，安装过程中将收到警告消息。

•Operating System Groups

Administrative access to the database is granted by membership in certain operating system groups. You can choose the operating system group to be used for SYSDBA access (typically dba) and SYSOPER access (typically oper).
某些操作系统组的成员资格授予对数据库的管理访问权限。您可以选择用于sysdba访问（通常为dba）和sysoper访问（通常为oper）的操作系统组。

The SYSDBA group identifies operating system user accounts that have database administrative privileges and can log in with SYSDBA access. The SYSOPER group is an optional group for users that should have limited database administrative privileges. See “SYSDBA and SYSOPER System Privileges” for more information about these groups and privileges.
sysdba组标识具有数据库管理权限并可以使用sysdba访问权限登录的操作系统用户帐户。对于应该具有有限数据库管理权限的用户，sysoper组是一个可选组。有关这些组和权限的详细信息，请参阅“sysdba和sysoperar系统权限”。

Installing Oracle Database Software

This section briefly describes the steps for a desktop-class installation. Most steps are common to all platforms and involve running the Oracle Universal Installer. Platform-specific steps are noted. For further assistance, consult the online Help or the Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform.
本节简要介绍桌面类安装的步骤。大多数步骤对于所有平台都是通用的，并且涉及到运行OracleUniversalInstaller。注意平台的具体步骤。有关进一步的帮助，请参阅您平台的联机帮助或Oracle数据库安装指南。

Note:
The following steps describe the Oracle Universal Installer workflow for a host computer that has no previous Oracle software installed. If your host computer has Oracle software installed, then you may see a different workflow.
To perform a basic installation:

1.Log on to your computer as a member of the administrative group that is authorized to install Oracle Database software and to create and run the database.

Refer to your operating system-specific documentation or contact your system administrator to determine whether you have the necessary privileges and permissions to install new software.

2.Do one of the following:

◦If you are installing from distribution media, then insert the distribution media for the database into your computer.
如果从分发媒体安装，请将数据库的分发媒体插入计算机。

The Autorun feature opens the Select a Product to Install window automatically.
自动运行功能会自动打开“选择要安装的产品”窗口。

◦If you downloaded the installation software from the Oracle Web site, then follow the instructions on the site to run the Oracle Universal Installer. Or, see the Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform.
如果从Oracle网站下载了安装软件，请按照该网站上的说明运行Oracle Universal安装程序。或者，请参阅您的平台的《Oracle数据库安装指南》。

3.The first window that appears is the Configure Security Updates window. To receive notifications about security issues via e-mail, enter your e-mail address in the Email text field. To receive security updates from My Oracle Support, enter the e-mail address registered with My Oracle Support, select the I wish to receive security updates… option, and enter your My Oracle Support password.
出现的第一个窗口是“配置安全更新”窗口。要通过电子邮件接收有关安全问题的通知，请在电子邮件文本字段中输入您的电子邮件地址。要从我的Oracle支持接收安全更新，请输入在我的Oracle支持中注册的电子邮件地址，选择我希望接收安全更新…选项，然后输入“我的Oracle支持”密码。

Click Next to continue.

The Select Installation Option window appears.

4.Choose the Create and configure a database option. Or, you also have the option of choosing to only install the database software, but then you must create a database in an additional step after the software is installed. If you are currently using a previous version of Oracle Database, choose Upgrade an existing database. After you have chosen an option, click Next.
选择创建和配置数据库选项。或者，您也可以选择只安装数据库软件，但必须在安装软件后的其他步骤中创建数据库。如果当前使用的是早期版本的Oracle数据库，请选择“升级现有数据库”。选择选项后，单击“下一步”。

The System Class window appears.

5.Choose Desktop Class.

You can choose the Server Class option to customize your installation. For example, you use this method to configure Oracle Automatic Storage Management for your database, install the Sample Schemas, or configure automated backups. Selecting this option guides you through a series of installation steps that are not documented in this guide. For more information about the advanced choices, see “About Advanced Installation”. Also see Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform.
您可以选择服务器类选项来自定义安装。例如，您可以使用此方法为数据库配置Oracle自动存储管理、安装示例架构或配置自动备份。选择此选项将指导您完成本指南中未介绍的一系列安装步骤。有关高级选项的详细信息，请参阅“关于高级安装”。另请参阅您的平台的《Oracle数据库安装指南》。

Click Next.

The Typical Install Configuration window appears.
Description of install_basic.gif follows
Description of the illustration install_basic.gif
出现“Typical Install Configuration（典型安装配置）”窗口。

6.Provide the following configuration details for the database:

◦Oracle Base Location— The Oracle base directory helps to facilitate the organization of multiple Oracle software installations. See the Oracle Database Installation Guide for your platform for more information about ORACLE_BASE.
Oracle基本位置—Oracle基本目录有助于组织多个Oracle软件安装。有关Oracle_Base的更多信息，请参阅您平台的《Oracle数据库安装指南》。

If you did not set the ORACLE_BASE environment variable before starting OUI, then the Oracle base directory is created in an app/username/directory on the first existing and writable directory from /u01 through /u09 for UNIX and Linux systems, or on the disk drive with the most available space for Windows systems. If /u01 through /u09 does not exist on the UNIX or Linux system, then the default location is user_home_directory/app/username.
如果在启动oui之前没有设置oracle_base环境变量，那么将在app/username/目录中的第一个现有可写目录（从/u01到/u09，对于UNIX和Linux系统）上创建oracle base目录，或者在具有最多可用空间的磁盘驱动器上创建Windows系统。如果unix或linux系统上不存在/u01到/u09，则默认位置为user_home_directory/app/username。

You can click Browse to find the directory you want to act as the Oracle base directory.
可以单击“浏览”以查找要用作Oracle基本目录的目录。

◦Software Location—The software location is the Oracle home for your database. You must specify a new Oracle home directory for each new installation of Oracle Database software. By default, the Oracle home directory is a subdirectory of the Oracle base directory.
软件位置软件位置是数据库的Oracle主页。必须为每个新安装的Oracle数据库软件指定一个新的Oracle主目录。默认情况下，Oracle主目录是Oracle基本目录的子目录。

You can click Browse to find the directory where you want to install the Oracle Database software.
您可以单击“浏览”找到要在其中安装Oracle数据库软件的目录。

◦Database File Location—The database file location is the location where Oracle Database files are stored. By default, this location is Oracle_base/oradata. You can click Browse to select a different location.
数据库文件位置数据库文件位置是存储Oracle数据库文件的位置。默认情况下，此位置是Oracle_Base/OracleData。可以单击“浏览”选择其他位置。

◦Database Edition—Select either Enterprise Edition, Standard Edition, Standard Edition One, or Personal Edition (Microsoft Windows platforms only). See “Installation Type”.
数据库版本选择企业版、标准版、标准版1或个