linux简介_Linux简介-CSDN博客

linux简介

Linux is an operating system, like macOS or Windows.

Linux是操作系统，例如macOS或Windows。

It is also the most popular Open Source and free, as in freedom, operating system.

它也是最受欢迎的开放源代码，并且像自由操作系统一样是免费的。

It powers the vast majority of the servers that compose the Internet. It’s the base upon which everything is built upon. But not just that. Android is based on (a modified version of) Linux.

它为组成Internet的绝大多数服务器提供了动力。这是一切构建的基础。但不仅如此。 Android基于Linux(的修改版本)。

The Linux “core” (called kernel) was born in 1991 in Finland, and it went a really long way from its humble beginnings. It went on to be the kernel of the GNU Operating System, creating the duo GNU/Linux.

Linux的“核心”(称为kernel )于1991年出生于芬兰，距其不起眼的开始还有很长的路要走。它后来成为GNU操作系统的内核，创建了二人组GNU / Linux。

There’s one thing about Linux that corporations like Microsoft and Apple, or Google, will never be able to offer: the freedom to do whatever you want with your computer.

关于Linux的一件事，像Microsoft和Apple或Google这样的公司将永远无法提供：自由地使用计算机来完成您想做的事情。

They’re actually going in the opposite direction, building walled gardens, especially on the mobile side.

实际上，他们正朝相反的方向前进，建造有围墙的花园，尤其是在移动侧。

Linux is the ultimate freedom.

Linux是最终的自由。

It is developed by volunteers, some paid by companies that rely on it, some independently, but there’s no single commercial company that can dictate what goes into Linux, or the project priorities.

它是由志愿者开发的，有些是依靠它的公司付费的，有些是独立的，但是没有哪个商业公司可以决定Linux的内容或项目的优先级。

Linux can also be used as your day to day computer. I use macOS because I really enjoy the applications, the design and I also used to be an iOS and Mac apps developer, but before using it I used Linux as my main computer Operating System.

Linux也可以用作您的日常计算机。我之所以使用macOS，是因为我非常喜欢应用程序，设计，并且我曾经是iOS和Mac应用程序开发人员，但是在使用它之前，我使用Linux作为我的主计算机操作系统。

No one can dictate which apps you can run, or “call home” with apps that track you, your position, and more.

没有人能决定您可以运行哪些应用程序，或者可以使用跟踪您，您的位置等等的应用程序“打电话回家”。

Linux is also special because there’s not just “one Linux”, like it happens on Windows or macOS. Instead, we have distributions.

Linux也很特别，因为它不仅仅像Windows或macOS上的“一个Linux”。相反，我们有分布。

A “distro” is made by a company or organization and packages the Linux core with additional programs and tooling.

公司或组织制作“发行版”，并将Linux核心与其他程序和工具打包在一起。

For example you have Debian, Fedora, and Ubuntu, probably the most popular.

例如，您拥有Debian ， Fedora和Ubuntu ，它们可能是最受欢迎的。

Many, many more exist. You can create your own distribution, too. But most likely you’ll use a popular one, one that has lots of users and a community of people around it, so you can do what you need to do without losing too much time reinventing the wheel and figuring out answers to common problems.

还有很多很多。您也可以创建自己的发行版。但是最有可能的是，您将使用一种流行的游戏，它拥有许多用户并且周围有一群人，因此您可以做自己需要做的事情，而不会浪费太多时间来重新发明轮子并弄清楚常见问题的答案。

Some desktop computers and laptops ship with Linux preinstalled. Or you can install it on your Windows-based computer, or on a Mac.

某些台式机和笔记本电脑附带了预装的Linux。或者，您可以将其安装在基于Windows的计算机或Mac上。

But you don’t need to disrupt your existing computer just to get an idea of how Linux works.

但是，您不必为了了解Linux的工作原理而破坏现有计算机。

I don’t have a Linux computer. I used to have a Linux computer, in the early 2000s, when I realized the Mac was a better fit for my needs on the desktop (laptop), and Linux was great on a server (your opinion might differ).

我没有Linux电脑。在2000年代初期，我曾经有一台Linux计算机，当时我意识到Mac更适合台式机(笔记本电脑)上的需求，而Linux在服务器上性能很好(您的看法可能会有所不同)。

If you use a Mac you need to know that under the hood macOS is a UNIX Operating System, and it shares a lot of the same ideas and software that a GNU/Linux system uses, because GNU/Linux is a free alternative to UNIX. It’s not Linux, but it’s close enough that most commands are the same.

如果您使用Mac，则需要知道macOS是UNIX操作系统的内幕，它与GNU / Linux系统使用了许多相同的思想和软件，因为GNU / Linux是UNIX的免费替代品。它不是Linux，但足够接近，大多数命令都相同。

UNIX is an umbrella term that groups many operating systems used in big corporations and institutions, starting from the 70’s

UNIX是一个统称，将70年代开始的大公司和机构中使用的许多操作系统进行分组

Microsoft has an official Windows Subsystem for Linux which you can (and should!) install on Windows. This will give you the ability to run Linux in a very easy way on your PC.

Microsoft具有适用于Linux的官方Windows子系统，您可以(并且应该！)在Windows上安装。这将使您能够以非常简单的方式在PC上运行Linux。

But the vast majority of the time you will run a Linux computer in the cloud via a VPS (Virtual Private Server).

但是大多数时候，您将通过VPS(虚拟专用服务器)在云中运行Linux计算机。

A shell is a command interpreter that exposes to the user an interface to work with the underlying operating system.

Shell是一个命令解释器，它向用户公开一个与底层操作系统一起使用的界面。

It allows you to execute operations using text and commands, and it provides users advanced features like being able to create scripts.

它允许您使用文本和命令执行操作，并且为用户提供了高级功能，例如能够创建脚本。

This is important: shells let you perform things in a more optimized way than a GUI (Graphical User Interface) could ever possibly let you do. Command line tools can offer many different configuration options without being too complex to use.

这很重要：与GUI(图形用户界面)相比，shell使您能够以更优化的方式执行任务。命令行工具可以提供许多不同的配置选项，而不会太复杂而难以使用。

There are many different kind of shells. This post focuses on Unix shells, the ones that you will find commonly on Linux and macOS computers.

有许多不同种类的外壳。这篇文章重点介绍Unix shell，它们是您在Linux和macOS计算机上常见的外壳。

Many different kind of shells were created for those systems over time, and a few of them dominate the space: Bash, Csh, Zsh, Fish and many more!

随着时间的流逝，为这些系统创建了许多不同种类的外壳，其中一些占主导地位：Bash，Csh，Zsh，Fish等！

All shells originate from the Bourne Shell, called sh. “Bourne” because its creator was Steve Bourne.

所有壳都来自称为sh的伯恩壳。 “ Bourne”，因为其创建者是Steve Bourne。

Bash means Bourne-again shell. sh was proprietary and not open source, and Bash was created in 1989 to create a free alternative for the GNU project and the Free Software Foundation. Since projects had to pay to use the Bourne shell, Bash became very popular.

Bash表示Bourne-again shell 。 sh是专有的而不是开源的，Bash成立于1989年，旨在为GNU项目和自由软件基金会创建免费替代方案。由于项目必须付费才能使用Bourne shell，因此Bash变得非常流行。

If you use a Mac, try opening your Mac terminal. That by default is running ZSH. (or, pre-Catalina, Bash)

如果您使用Mac，请尝试打开Mac终端。默认情况下运行ZSH。 (或在卡特琳娜之前(Bash)

You can set up your system to run any kind of shell, for example I use the Fish shell.

您可以将系统设置为运行任何类型的shell，例如，我使用Fish shell 。

Each single shell has its own unique features and advanced usage, but they all share a common functionality: they can let you execute programs, and they can be programmed.

每个外壳程序都有其独特的功能和高级用法，但是它们都有一个共同的功能：它们可以让您执行程序，并且可以对其进行编程。

This is just an introduction. I will make several, more in-depth Linux tutorials soon.

这只是一个介绍。我将很快制作一些更深入的Linux教程。