C函数简介

Functions are the way we can structure our code into subroutines that we can:

函数是我们将代码构造为子例程的方式，我们可以：

1. give a name to
   给...起个名字
2. call when we need them
   需要我们时打电话

Starting from your very first program, an “Hello, World!”, you immediately make use of C functions:

从第一个程序“ Hello，World！”开始，您立即使用C函数：

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
	printf("Hello, World!");
}

The main() function is a very important function, as it’s the entry point for a C program.

main()函数是非常重要的函数，因为它是C程序的入口点。

Here’s another function:

这是另一个功能：

void doSomething(int value) {
	printf("%u", value);
}

Functions have 4 important aspects:

功能具有四个重要方面：

1. they have a name, so we can invoke (“call”) them later
   它们有一个名字，所以我们以后可以调用(“调用”)它们
2. they specify a return value
   他们指定一个返回值
3. they can have arguments
   他们可以争论
4. they have a body, wrapped in curly braces
   他们有一个身体，用大括号包裹

The function body is the set of instructions that are executed any time we invoke a function.

函数主体是我们每次调用函数时都会执行的指令集。

If the function has no return value, you can use the keyword void before the function name. Otherwise you specify the function return value type (int for an integer, float for a floating point value, const char * for a string, etc).

如果函数没有返回值，则可以在函数名称前使用关键字void 。 否则，您将指定函数的返回值类型(对于整数，为int ；对于浮点值，为float ；对于字符串，则为const char * ，等等)。

You cannot return more than one value from a function.

您不能从一个函数返回多个值。

A function can have arguments. They are optional. If it does not have them, inside the parentheses we insert void, like this:

一个函数可以有参数。 它们是可选的。 如果没有它们，则在括号内插入void ，如下所示：

void doSomething(void) {
   /* ... */
}

In this case, when we invoke the function we’ll call it with nothing in the parentheses:

在这种情况下，当我们调用该函数时，将在括号内不加任何名称的情况下调用该函数：

doSomething();

If we have one parameter, we specify the type and the name of the parameter, like this:

如果有一个参数，则指定参数的类型和名称，如下所示：

void doSomething(int value) {
   /* ... */
}

When we invoke the function, we’ll pass that parameter in the parentheses, like this:

调用函数时，将在括号中传递该参数，如下所示：

doSomething(3);

We can have multiple parameters, and if so we separate them using a comma, both in the declaration and in the invocation:

我们可以有多个参数，如果这样，我们可以在声明和调用中使用逗号将它们分开：

void doSomething(int value1, int value2) {
   /* ... */
}

doSomething(3, 4);

Parameters are passed by copy. This means that if you modify value1, its value is modified locally, and the value outside of the function, where it was passed in the invocation, does not change.

参数通过copy传递。 这意味着，如果您修改value1 ，则将在本地修改其值，并且在调用中传递函数的函数外部的值不会更改。

If you pass a pointer as a parameter, you can modify that variable value because you can now access it directly using its memory address.

如果将指针作为参数传递，则可以修改该变量值，因为现在可以使用其内存地址直接访问它。

You can’t define a default value for a parameter. C++ can do that (and so Arduino Language programs can), but C can’t.

您无法为参数定义默认值。 C ++可以做到这一点(Arduino语言程序也可以做到)，但是C不能。

Make sure you define the function before calling it, or the compiler will raise a warning and an error:

确保在调用函数之前定义了该函数，否则编译器将引发警告和错误：

➜  ~ gcc hello.c -o hello; ./hello
hello.c:13:3: warning: implicit declaration of
      function 'doSomething' is invalid in C99
      [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
  doSomething(3, 4);
  ^
hello.c:17:6: error: conflicting types for
      'doSomething'
void doSomething(int value1, char value2) {
     ^
hello.c:13:3: note: previous implicit declaration
      is here
  doSomething(3, 4);
  ^
1 warning and 1 error generated.

The warning you get regards the ordering, which I already mentioned.

您收到的警告与订购有关，我已经提到过。

The error is about another thing, related. Since C does not “see” the function declaration before the invocation, it must make assumptions. And it assumes the function to return int. The function however returns void, hence the error.

该错误与另一件事有关。 由于C在调用之前没有“看到”函数声明，因此它必须进行假设。 并且假定函数返回int 。 但是该函数返回void ，因此返回错误。

If you change the function definition to:

如果将函数定义更改为：

int doSomething(int value1, int value2) {
  printf("%d %d\n", value1, value2);
  return 1;
}

you’d just get the warning, and not the error:

您只会得到警告，而不是错误：

➜  ~ gcc hello.c -o hello; ./hello
hello.c:14:3: warning: implicit declaration of
      function 'doSomething' is invalid in C99
      [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
  doSomething(3, 4);
  ^
1 warning generated.

In any case, make sure you declare the function before using it. Either move the function up, or add the function prototype in a header file.

无论如何，请确保在使用该函数之前先声明该函数。 向上移动函数，或将函数原型添加到头文件中。

Inside a function, you can declare variables.

在函数内部，可以声明变量。

void doSomething(int value) {
  int doubleValue = value * 2;
}

A variable is created at the point of invocation of the function, and is destroyed when the function ends, and it’s not visible from the outside.

变量是在函数调用时创建的，并在函数结束时销毁，并且从外部看不到。

Inside a function, you can call the function itself. This is called recursion and it’s something that offers peculiar opportunities.

在函数内部，您可以调用函数本身。 这称为递归 ，它提供了特殊的机会。

翻译自: https://flaviocopes.com/c-functions/