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Linux发行版 (Linux Distributions)

There is no single version of Linux but there are different distributions, usually created by community developers or companies who choose, prepare and compile packages to include. All distributions share the Linux kernel (albeit often in different versions and custom), and differ from each other for the “software park”, i.e., packets prepared and selected by the developers to distribute itself, the management system software and support services and maintenance offered.

没有单一版本的Linux，但是有不同的发行版，通常由社区开发人员或选择，准备和编译要包含的软件包的公司创建。 所有发行版都共享Linux内核(尽管通常使用不同的版本和自定义版本)，并且在“软件园”中彼此不同，即，由开发人员准备和选择以分发自身，管理系统软件以及支持服务和维护的数据包。提供。

Distributions exist executables directly from CD without requiring installation on your hard disk, such as Knoppix and Daughter are called distributions or live desktop CD. For others you can perform the installation from USB stick.

发行版直接从CD中存在可执行文件，而无需在您的硬盘上安装，例如Knoppix和Daughter称为发行版或实时桌面CD。 对于其他用户，可以从USB记忆棒执行安装。

主要Linux发行版 (Major Linux distributions)

In alphabetical order, follows the list of most popular Linux distributions:

按照字母顺序，遵循最受欢迎的Linux发行版列表：

1. Arch Linux – It’s lightweight, fast, highly scalable and adaptable to their needs optimized for i686 now available for X86-64 and PowerPC.

   Arch Linux –轻巧，快速，高度可扩展，可适应针对i686优化的需求，现在可用于X86-64和PowerPC。

2. BackTrack – BackTrack, which provides tools to do penetration testing. It derives from the distro Slackware, but modified, by the team of “Remote-Exploit.org. The latest version is Slackware 3.0. ‘debianizing’ later and the version 4.0.ultima current version.

   BackTrack – BackTrack，它提供进行渗透测试的工具。 它源自发行版的Slackware，但由“ Remote-Exploit.org”团队进行了修改。 最新版本是Slackware 3.0。 后来“ debianizing”和当前版本为4.0.ultima。

3. CentOS – is a distribution based on the sources of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, so its equal in all respects except for the logos and the name will be changed as trademarks. It is used mostly within the server.

   CentOS –是基于Red Hat Enterprise Linux来源的发行版，因此除徽标和名称以外的其他所有方面都相同，其名称将更改为商标。 它主要在服务器内使用。

4. Damn Small Linux – Distribution very light, with Fluxbox Desktop Environment, particularly suitable for computer dating, (that only requires 16 MB of RAM), and its size is 50 MB, characteristics that allow it to be initiated by a simple key USB.

   该死的小型Linux –具有Fluxbox桌面环境的发行非常轻便，特别适合于计算机约会(仅需要16 MB的RAM)，其大小为50 MB，其特性使其可以通过简单的USB键启动。

5. Debian – provides an excellent system management software packages (deb format), compiled for 11 different architectures: Alpha, AMD64, ARM, HP PA-RISC, Intel x86, Intel IA-64, MIPS (big endian), MIPS (little endian), PowerPC, IBM S/390, SPARC. Is defined for this “universal operating system”. She installation available in both text mode and graphic.

   Debian –提供了出色的系统管理软件包(deb格式)，针对11种不同的体系结构进行了编译：Alpha，AMD64，ARM，HP PA-RISC，Intel x86，Intel IA-64，MIPS(大端)，MIPS(小端) ，PowerPC，IBM S / 390，SPARC。 为此“通用操作系统”定义。 她的安装有文本模式和图形模式。

6. Dreamlinux – Brazilian distribution derived from Debian which uses the Xfce Desktop Environment, is similar to MAC OS X, light and usable by all distributed in different versions.

   Dreamlinux –来自Debian的巴西发行版，使用Xfce桌面环境，类似于MAC OS X，轻巧，所有发行版的发行版均可使用。

7. Fedora – non-commercial distribution sponsored by Red Hat Rather cured in appearance, is frequently updated with the latest news. The packaging system is based on RPM Package Manager and installation is available in both text and graphical mode.

   Fedora –由Red Hat赞助的非商业发行版Rather的外观已经固化，经常更新为最新消息。 打包系统基于RPM打包管理器，并且可以文本和图形方式进行安装。

8. Gentoo Linux – non-commercial distribution based on sources that can optimize and make the system extremely flexible. Implement a system derived from * BSD port. The installation is done manually, follow the appropriate manual or via the LiveCD installer. Additional strengths of distribution are the excellent documentation and the community very helpful.

   Gentoo Linux –基于商业的非商业发行版，可以优化并使系统极为灵活。 实现从* BSD端口派生的系统。 安装是手动完成的，请遵循相应的手册或通过LiveCD安装程序。 分发的其他优势是出色的文档资料，对社区也非常有帮助。

9. GNewSense – GNU / Linux distribution near the GNU project based on Ubuntu and Debian with the aim to include only free software. The goal of gNewSense is to provide users with software packages that offer the stability of Ubuntu and Debian, with the addition of complete freedom of free software to 100%. It is supported by the FSF.

   GNewSense –基于Ubuntu和Debian的GNU项目附近的GNU / Linux发行版，旨在仅包含免费软件。 gNewSense的目标是向用户提供软件包，这些软件包可提供Ubuntu和Debian的稳定性，同时还具有100％完全免费的自由软件。 FSF支持。

10. Kanotix – a live distribution is closely related to Knoppix but more geared towards home use. It offers support for Serial ATA and USB modem (and eagle-eciadsl usab in particular). As Knoppix can be used as a live CD (recovery, testing, testing, diagnostics, etc.) And can be installed on the hard disk

    Kanotix –实时发行与Knoppix密切相关，但更适合家庭使用。 它支持串行ATA和USB调制解调器(尤其是eagle-eciadsl usab)。 由于Knoppix可以用作实时CD(恢复，测试，测试，诊断等)，并且可以安装在硬盘上

11. KaeilOS – Distribution Embedded Software developed by Koan

    KaeilOS – Koan开发的分发嵌入式软件

12. Knoppix – The most famous live CD distribution. Born to forensic is derived from Debian. Very suitable for beginners, allows you to have a complete bootable directly from CD-ROM or DVD that allows, among other uses, the demonstrative use as diagnostic tools, such as test hardware compatibility, etc. shows some variations as Eduknoppix.

    Knoppix –最著名的现场CD发行。 生于法医的人来自Debian。 非常适合初学者，使您可以直接从CD-ROM或DVD进行完整引导，除其他用途外，还可以将其用作诊断工具的演示性用途，例如测试硬件的兼容性等，从而显示出Eduknoppix的某些变化。

13. Linspire – commercial distribution derived from Debian that points to the ease of installation and use even by beginners.

    Linspire –来自Debian的商业发行版，指出即使初学者也易于安装和使用。

14. Mandriva – until recently known as Mandrake, is one of the major distributions and more focused on the user desktop. It is distributed free of charge and as a commercial product (in this case includes some proprietary packages), with new releases about twice a year. Has a packaging system based on RPM.

    Mandriva –直到最近被称为Mandrake，是主要发行版之一，并且更侧重于用户桌面。 它是作为商业产品免费分发的(在这种情况下，其中包括一些专有软件包)，并且每年大约发布两次。 具有基于RPM的包装系统。

15. MEPIS – non-commercial distribution that works both as a live CD is not installed. The ISO image is written with a filesystem ‘ipercompresso’ containing several GB of packages on one CD.

    MEPIS –未安装可作为实时CD使用的非商业发行版。 ISO映像是使用文件系统“ ipercompresso”写入的，一张文件中包含数GB的软件包。

16. Mint – based on Ubuntu includes some custom software to install and manage, a main menu that resembles that of Windows Vista, and includes pre-installed multimedia codecs for DVD, MP3 etc.

    Mint –基于Ubuntu，包括一些要安装和管理的自定义软件，一个类似于Windows Vista的主菜单，并包括预装的DVD，MP3等多媒体编解码器。

17. Moblin – Distribution optimized for netbooks

    Moblin –针对上网本优化的发行版

18. OpenSUSE – is a non-commercial distribution created by the opening of community development SuSE.

    OpenSUSE –是通过开放社区开发SuSE创建的非商业发行版。

19. PCLinuxOS – easy to use distribution based on Mandriva uses RPM packages.

    PCLinuxOS –基于Mandriva的易于使用的发行版使用RPM软件包。

20. Puppy – Distribution very light version available in live CD, and suitable for less powerful PCs or dated, employs few resources and disk space. If the amount of RAM is sufficient (256 MB or more), it runs entirely in memory.

    Puppy –实时CD中提供的发行版非常轻便的版本，适合功能不强的PC或过时的设备，占用的资源和磁盘空间很少。 如果RAM足够(256 MB或更多)，则它将完全在内存中运行。

21. Red Hat Enterprise Linux – is the most widespread commercial distribution. Light is not updated to the latest kernel versions but prefers and components established and tested. The developers of Red Hat have created a widespread system of RPM packages.

    红帽企业Linux –是最广泛的商业发行版。 Light不会更新到最新的内核版本，而是更喜欢和建立并测试组件。 红帽的开发人员已经创建了一个广泛的RPM软件包系统。

22. Sabayon – Formerly known as RR4, Sabayon is a Gentoo-based distro that uses KDE Desktop Environment.

    Sabayon – Sabayon (以前称为RR4)是基于Gentoo的发行版，使用KDE桌面环境。

23. Slackware – It is often defined as the distribution more “pure” in terms of the standard GNU Linux. Has a package management system very hard with a relative scarcity of precompiled software.

    Slackware –根据标准GNU Linux，通常将其定义为更“纯”的发行版。 很难安装软件包管理系统，而预编译软件相对较少。

24. SLAX – derives directly from Slackware and retains the characteristics of speed, ‘established’, lightness and wide configurability ‘according to the different needs of each user. Adopt a modular approach advanced.

    SLAX –直接源自Slackware，并根据每个用户的不同需求保留了速度，“既定”，轻便和广泛的可配置性的特征。 采用先进的模块化方法。

25. SME Server – Distribution derived from CENTOS designed for the needs of SMEs

    中小企业服务器 –由CENTOS衍生而来，旨在满足中小企业的需求

26. SuSE – Famous European distribution, widely used in business, but also addressed the user desktop. Also based on RPM, a commercial product. – Home. It is based on the work of the openSUSE project.

    SuSE –著名的欧洲发行商，广泛用于企业，但也针对用户桌面。 同样基于商业产品RPM。 –家。 它基于openSUSE项目的工作。

27. Ubuntu – Debian-derived distribution, has risen to prominence due to its ease of installation and use and availability of frequent updates to the stable version. Support Debian packages and the GNOME desktop. There are several variants, including Kubuntu, Edubuntu and Xubuntu. He is currently the most widespread and popular distro.

    Ubuntu –基于Debian的发行版，由于其易于安装和使用以及对稳定版本进行频繁更新的可用性而备受关注。 支持Debian软件包和GNOME桌面。 有几种变体，包括Kubuntu，Edubuntu和Xubuntu。 他是目前最广泛和最受欢迎的发行版。

28. Yellow Dog – Distribution developed by Terra Soft for PowerPC hardware architecture based on CentOS also supports the PlayStation 3.

    Yellow Dog – Terra Soft为基于CentOS的PowerPC硬件架构开发的发行版也支持PlayStation 3。

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翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/gnu-linux-part-2/

gnu linux