计算机集群 做什么_什么是计算机网络集群

计算机集群 做什么

什么是计算机网络集群？ (What Is A Computer Network Cluster?)

A computer network or Computer cluster or clusters usually designates a number of networked computers that can be seen from the outside in many cases than a computer. In general, the individual elements of a cluster are connected over a fast network. The aim of the “clustering” is mostly in the increase in computing capacity or availability to a single computer. As are in a cluster computer (and nodes (nodes English) or servers) are often referred to as a server farm.

一个计算机网络或一个或多个计算机群集通常指定了许多联网计算机，在许多情况下，从计算机外部可以看到这些计算机。 通常，群集的各个元素通过快速网络连接。 “群集”的目的主要是提高单台计算机的计算能力或可用性。 正如在群集计算机(和节点(英语节点)或服务器)中一样，通常称为服务器场。

集群类别 (Cluster Categories)

The term describes cluster primarily on the architecture of the individual components and their interaction. Hardware or software clusters are fundamentally different. The simple form of a hardware cluster is as active / passive known. Other variants are known as cascading. This interruption of service must be considered.

该术语主要根据各个组件的体系结构及其交互来描述群集。 硬件或软件群集根本不同。 硬件群集的简单形式称为主动/被动。 其他变体称为级联。 必须考虑这种服务中断。

Cluster software or application clusters, however, are better able to realize a continuous operation (e.g., DNS server). It depends from the client in the client / server architecture, if the client can handle the switching of the service.

但是，群集软件或应用程序群集更好地能够实现连续操作(例如DNS服务器)。 如果客户端可以处理服务的切换，则取决于客户端/服务器体系结构中的客户端。

A distinction between so-called homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters: Homogeneous computer cluster running the same OS and same hardware, the heterogeneous cluster, different operating systems or hardware can be used. Known Linux cluster software are HP-Service Guard, Beowulf and openMosix.

所谓的同类群集和异构群集之间的区别：可以使用运行相同操作系统和相同硬件的同类计算机群集，异构群集，不同的操作系统或硬件。 已知的Linux群集软件是HP-Service Guard，Beowulf和openMosix。

Clusters are often used for a number of different uses:

群集通常用于多种不同用途：

高可用性集群 (High Availability Cluster)

High Availability Cluster (High-Availability Cluster – Cluster HA) are used to increase the availability and better reliability. This occurs on one node of the cluster to be a mistake to migrate the services running on this cluster to another node. Most of the HA cluster have 2 node. There are clusters, which run continuously on all the nodes services. These clusters are called active-active or symmetric. Are not all active nodes, it is called active-passive, or asymmetrical. Both the hardware and the software of an HA cluster must be free of single-point-of-Failures (components, which would bring by a defect in the entire system to fail to be) apply such an HA cluster in critical environments, where maximum allowed downtime of only a few minutes a year.

高可用性群集(高可用性群集–群集HA)用于提高可用性和更好的可靠性。 在群集的一个节点上发生这种情况是将该群集上运行的服务迁移到另一节点上的错误。 大多数HA群集具有2个节点。 有群集，它们在所有节点服务上连续运行。 这些群集称为主动-主动或对称。 并非所有主动节点，它称为主动-被动或非对称。 高可用性群集的硬件和软件都必须没有单点故障(组件，该缺陷可能会导致整个系统出现故障)将这种高可用性群集应用在关键环境中，在这种情况下，最大一年仅允许停机几分钟。

In the context of disaster scenarios, critical computer systems must be secured. In addition, the cluster nodes are often located several miles apart in different data centers. In the event of a disaster may take over the nodes in the data center is not affected, the entire load. This type of clustering is also called “stretched clusters”.

在发生灾难的情况下，必须保护关键的计算机系统。 此外，群集节点通常位于不同数据中心中相距几英里的位置。 万一发生灾难，可能接管数据中心中的节点不受影响，整个负载。 这种类型的群集也称为“拉伸群集”。

负载均衡集群 (Load-balancing clusters)

Load Balancing (SLB) clusters are constructed for the purpose of load balancing over multiple machines. The load distribution is usually a redundant, central instance. Possible application areas are environments with high demands on computer power. The power requirement is not covered here by upgrading individual computers, but by adding additional computers. Reason to use not least is the use of standard low-cost computers (COTS components) instead of expensive specialized computers.

构建负载平衡(SLB)群集是为了在多台计算机上实现负载平衡。 负载分配通常是冗余的中央实例。 可能的应用领域是对计算机功能有很高要求的环境。 通过升级单个计算机，而不是通过添加其他计算机来满足电源要求。 之所以使用它，不仅是因为要使用标准的低成本计算机(COTS组件)，而不要使用昂贵的专用计算机。

高性能计算集群 (High Performance Computing Cluster)

High-performance computing cluster (HPC clusters) are used for processing mathematical problems. These computing tasks are split among multiple nodes. Either the functions are divided into different packages and run simultaneously on multiple nodes or the arithmetic (Jobs called) are distributed to each node. The allocation of jobs takes on a mostly Job Management System. HPC clusters are often found in science. Even the so-called render farms fall into this category.

高性能计算集群(HPC集群)用于处理数学问题。 这些计算任务在多个节点之间分配。 这些功能可以分为不同的程序包并在多个节点上同时运行，也可以将算术(称为Jobs)分配给每个节点。 作业分配主要采用作业管理系统。 HPC群集通常在科学中发现。 甚至所谓的渲染农场也属于此类。

计算机集群—历史 (Computer cluster — History)

The first commercially available product cluster was ARCnet, developed in 1977 by Data Point. The first real success was by DEC in 1983 with the idea of the product VAXcluster for their computer system VAX. The product not only supported parallel computing on the cluster nodes, but also the sharing of file systems and devices of all participating nodes. These properties are still not included in many free and commercial products. VAXcluster as “VMSCluster” still available today from the company for the operating system HP OpenVMS Alpha and Itanium processors and the.

第一个商用产品集群是ARCnet，由Data Point于1977年开发。 DEC于1983年首次取得真正的成功，当时他们的计算机系统VAX使用了产品VAXcluster。 该产品不仅支持群集节点上的并行计算，而且还共享所有参与节点的文件系统和设备。 这些属性仍未包含在许多免费和商业产品中。 VAXcluster作为“ VMSCluster”，今天仍可从该公司购买，用于操作系统HP OpenVMS Alpha和Itanium处理器等。

高可用性集群–技术 (HA Cluster – Technology)

The failover feature is not usually made available by the operating system (Service failover, IP, bid). The acquisition of services can be achieved, for example through the automatic migration of IP addresses or using a multicast address.

操作系统通常不提供故障转移功能(服务故障转移，IP，出价)。 例如，可以通过IP地址的自动迁移或使用多播地址来实现服务的获取。

Generally, a distinction between the shared nothing architectures and shared all. Typical representative of the “active-active” cluster with shared-nothing architecture with DB2 EEE (pronounced “triple e”). Here, each cluster node contains its own data partition. A performance gain is achieved by partitioning the data and the associated distributed processing. Reliability is not guaranteed hereby.

通常，无共享架构与共享所有架构之间的区别。 具有DB2 EEE的“无共享”架构的“主动-主动”集群的典型代表(发音为“ triple e”)。 在此，每个群集节点都包含其自己的数据分区。 通过对数据和相关联的分布式处理进行分区可以提高性能。 因此，不能保证可靠性。

Otherwise, this is the “shared-all cluster. This architecture enabled by a concurrent access to shared storage, that all cluster nodes can access the entire database. In addition to scaling and performance of this architecture, an additional reliability is achieved. If a node, other nodes take over its role(s). A typical representative of the shared-all-architecture is Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC).

否则，这就是“共享集群”。 通过并发访问共享存储，该体系结构使所有群集节点都可以访问整个数据库。 除了此体系结构的扩展和性能之外，还实现了额外的可靠性。 如果是节点，其他节点将接管其角色。 共享所有体系结构的典型代表是Oracle Real Application Clusters(RAC)。

HA-Cluster computer can no local disk directly from a Storage Area Network (SAN) boot out as a “single system image”. Such diskless shared root clusters facilitate the exchange of cluster nodes that are in such a configuration, only their performance and I / O bandwidth.

HA-Cluster计算机无法将本地磁盘直接从存储区域网络(SAN)引导为“单个系统映像”。 这样的无盘共享根群集便于以这种配置交换群集节点，仅交换其性能和I / O带宽。

Services must be specifically programmed for use on a cluster. A service is called “cluster aware” if it to special events (such as the failure of a cluster node) reacts and converts them appropriately. Cluster software can be implemented by scripts or integrated into the operating system kernel in the form.

服务必须经过专门编程才能在群集上使用。 如果服务对特殊事件(例如群集节点的故障)做出React并适当地进行转换，则该服务称为“群集感知”。 集群软件可以通过脚本来实现，也可以以形式集成到操作系统内核中。

HPC集群 (HPC Cluster)

In HPC clusters, the task at hand, the “job”, often divided by a decomposition program into smaller parts and then distributed among the nodes.

在HPC群集中，手头的任务“工作”通常由分解程序划分为较小的部分，然后分布在节点之间。

Communication between nodes on different parts of the current job is usually done using Message Passing Interface (MPI) as a rapid communication is desired between individual processes. This is the node coupled with a fast network such as InfiniBand.

由于需要在各个进程之间进行快速通信，因此通常使用消息传递接口(MPI)来完成当前作业的不同部分上的节点之间的通信。 这是与快速网络(例如InfiniBand)耦合的节点。

One common method of distributing jobs on an HPC cluster is a job-scheduling program that can make a distribution according to different categories, such as Load Sharing Facility (LSF) or Network Queuing System (NQS).

在HPC群集上分配作业的一种常见方法是作业计划程序，该程序可以根据不同类别(例如负载共享工具(LSF)或网络排队系统(NQS))进行分配。

Recently, more and more rows of a Linux cluster in the TOP500 supercomputers of, not least because for the most demanding computing tasks cheap COTS hardware can be used.

最近，TOP500超级计算机中Linux集群的行越来越多，这不仅是因为对于最苛刻的计算任务，可以使用便宜的COTS硬件。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/what-is-a-computer-network-cluster/

计算机集群 做什么