客户端发送结构体给服务器_客户端服务器体系结构| 第2部分

客户端发送结构体给服务器

客户端服务器架构的优势 (Advantages of Client Server Architecture)

This architecture (Client Server architecture) has advantages of conceptual and structural although some were opposed in a decisive manner as a thick layer duplicates the functionality of another layer in a repetitive fashion.

这种体系结构(客户端服务器体系结构)具有概念和结构上的优势，尽管某些层以决定性的方式对立，因为厚层以重复的方式复制了另一层的功能。

For example, the ADSL service is delivered in various ways, the most common are called PPP over ATM (or Point to Point Protocol uses the services provided by ATM Protocol) and PPP over Ethernet.

例如，ADSL服务以各种方式交付，最常见的方式称为ATM上的PPP(或点对点协议使用ATM协议提供的服务)和PPP上的以太网。

The lowest level is called “physical” and handles the transmission of signals through the transport medium (cable, fiber optic, infrared, etc. …). The highest level is called “application layer” and is what allows you to create the message to communicate.

最低级别称为“物理”级别，用于处理通过传输介质(电缆，光纤，红外线等)的信号传输。 最高级别称为“应用程序层”，它使您可以创建消息进行通信。

The division into levels is rather rigid in terms of specific protocols, and implementation levels are often deployed together in a single software module.

就特定协议而言，划分级别相当严格，实现级别通常一起部署在单个软件模块中。

Not that two machines communicate use the same protocol stack. For example, if you connect to the Internet through a modem you support the Network layer IP over a PPP connection, while the servers you probably supports the IP network connected to an ethernet connection.

并非两台机器通信使用相同的协议栈。 例如，如果您通过调制解调器连接到Internet，则表示您支持PPP连接上的网络层IP，而您的服务器可能支持连接到以太网连接上的IP网络。

In a packet network at each level of the “protocol stack” adds to a packet header through an operation called enveloping. The term also applies to some circuit-switched networks such as SDH, where bagging is a dedicated circuit to transmit control information.

在分组网络中，“协议栈”的每个级别都通过称为包络的操作添加到分组头中。 该术语还适用于某些电路交换网络，例如SDH，其中装袋是传输控制信息的专用电路。

OSI (The OSI)

The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1979 established the Protocol Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), with the intention of creating a standard for use in telecommunications networks worldwide. In practice however, the de facto standard that is commonly used in most networks, the TCP / IP, defined in RFC 1155. The key differences of the two standards are simple: the first was set to table-partisan organization, while the second is the work of those who physically built the first network and expand the field. In addition, the ISO / OSI assigns a certain task at each level, while the TCP / IP is more “elastic” and can develop protocols that are more than a task-based.

1979年，国际标准化组织(ISO)建立了协议开放系统互连(OSI)，其目的是创建一个用于全球电信网络的标准。 但是，实际上，在大多数网络中通常使用的事实上的标准TCP / IP(在RFC 1155中定义)。这两个标准的主要区别很简单：第一个设置为表党组织，而第二个设置为表党组织实际建立第一个网络并扩展领域的人们的工作。 另外，ISO / OSI在每个级别分配特定的任务，而TCP / IP更具“弹性”，并且可以开发更多的基于任务的协议。

List of network protocols to ISO / OSI In the next division, follow the ISO / OSI.

ISO / OSI的网络协议列表在下一个分区中，遵循ISO / OSI。

* Layer 1: Physical or Bluetooth DSL or Digital Subscriber Line or FDDI or RS-232 or Wi-Fi or Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

*第1层：物理或蓝牙DSL或数字用户线或FDDI或RS-232或Wi-Fi或超宽带(UWB)

* Level 2: link or Ethernet or Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Token Ring ATM or Asynchronous Transfer Mode

* 2级：链接或以太网或点对点协议(PPP)或令牌环ATM或异步传输模式

* Level 3: Network IP or Internet Protocol or X.25 or IPX

*级别3：网络 IP或Internet协议或X.25或IPX

* Level 4: Transport or TCP and UDP (used over IP) or SPX (used on IPX) or NetBIOS

*级别4：传输或TCP和UDP(在IP上使用)或SPX(在IPX上使用)或NetBIOS

* Level 5: Session

* 5级：会议

* Level 6: Presentation

* 6级：演示

* Level 7: Application

* 7级：申请

 

服务协议： (Service protocols:)

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – (DHCP)
  动态主机配置协议–(DHCP)
• Domain Name System – (DNS)
  域名系统–(DNS)
• Finger
  手指
• Network Time Protocol – (NTP)
  网络时间协议–(NTP)
• Simple Network Management Protocol – (SNMP)
  简单网络管理协议–(SNMP)
• Lightweight Directory Access Protocol – (LDAP)
  轻型目录访问协议–(LDAP)

Protocols for access to remote terminals:

访问远程终端的协议：

• Telnet
  远程登录
• Secure Shell – (SSH)
  安全外壳–(SSH)

Protocols used to perform the service e-mail and newsgroups:

用于执行服务电子邮件和新闻组的协议：

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
  简单邮件传输协议(SMTP)
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
  邮局协议(POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
  互联网消息访问协议(IMAP)
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
  网络新闻传输协议(NNTP)

File transfer protocols:

文件传输协议：

• File Transfer Protocol – (FTP)
  文件传输协议–(FTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – (HTTP)
  超文本传输​​协议–(HTTP)
• Internet Relay Chat – (IRC)
  互联网中继聊天–(IRC)
• Gnutella
  Gnutella

The levels seen previously is a conceptual division, but their implementation is not uniform, because the physical layer and the connection are usually present on the network interface card, while the network layer has mixed hardware-software implementation.

先前看到的级别是概念上的划分，但是它们的实现并不统一，因为物理层和连接通常位于网络接口卡上，而网络层具有混合的硬件-软件实现。

客户端/服务器系统示例： (Examples of client / server systems:)

• Database server for handling large volumes of data
  数据库服务器，用于处理大量数据
• File server for file sharing
  用于文件共享的文件服务器
• FTP server for the management of the upload / download
  FTP服务器的上传/下载管理
• Groupware: the management of information on working groups
  组件：工作组信息的管理
• Print server for printer sharing
  共享打印机的打印服务器
• Web server to manage the interaction between web servers and clients
  Web服务器，用于管理Web服务器与客户端之间的交互

Client-server in a local system

本地系统中的客户端服务器

Almost all operating systems for the operation of various processes, mechanisms based on client-server model. The same kernel acts as a server when it handles calls to the primitive system by running processes.

几乎所有操作系统都用于运行各种进程，基于客户端-服务器模型的机制。 当同一内核通过运行进程处理对原始系统的调用时，它充当服务器。

More generally, in an operating system for certain types of services are specifically provided for process servers, the only ones able to perform a certain task. Often these processes have exclusive access to a resource and should, in fact, serve the needs of client processes.

更一般而言，在操作系统中，专门为过程服务器提供了某些类型的服务，只有这些服务器才能执行某些任务。 通常，这些进程具有对资源的独占访问权，并且实际上应该满足客户进程的需求。

For example, on Windows systems is a spooler, single process throughout the system can use the printer. To print, a process that must interface with the printer driver (and run the sequence of acquisition-use-virtualized drivers issue) but must send their data via the services offered by the system, the spooler process, which, among others, making scheduling documents to print. When sending data to the spooler, the job will not print that was done, but it will certainly be (unless of hitches). Having exclusive access to all system printers, the printer driver does not provide procedures for the acquisition and release.

例如，在Windows系统上是一个后台处理程序，整个系统中的单个进程可以使用打印机。 要进行打印，该过程必须与打印机驱动程序进行交互(并运行一系列的获取使用虚拟化驱动程序发行)，但必须通过系统提供的服务(后台处理程序进程)发送其数据，该进程尤其要进行调度要打印的文件。 将数据发送到后台处理程序时，该作业将不会打印完成的作业，但肯定会打印出来(除非出现故障)。 具有对所有系统打印机的独占访问权，打印机驱动程序不提供获取和发布的过程。

Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.

研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/client-server-architecture-part-2/

客户端发送结构体给服务器