httpie
HTTPie是易于使用且易于升级的HTTP客户端。 发音为“ aitch-tee-tee-pie”并以http身份运行,它是用Python编写的用于访问Web的命令行工具。
由于此操作方法是关于HTTP客户端的,因此您需要使用HTTP服务器来进行尝试。 在这种情况下, httpbin.org是一种简单的开放源代码HTTP请求和响应服务。 httpbin.org网站是测试Web API客户端以及仔细管理和显示请求和响应中的详细信息的强大方法,但是现在我们将重点介绍HTTPie的功能。
Wget和cURL的替代方法
您可能听说过古老的Wget或较新的cURL工具,这些工具可让您从命令行访问Web。 它们被编写用于访问网站,而HTTPie用于访问Web API 。
两台计算机之间的结构化调用。 人员不是图片的一部分,HTTPie等命令行工具的参数可以有效地处理此问题。安装HTTPie
有几种安装HTTPie的方法。 无论使用brew , apt , yum还是dnf ,您都可以将其作为软件包管理器的软件包获得。 但是,如果已配置virtualenvwrapper ,则可以拥有自己的安装:
$ mkvirtualenv httpie
...
( httpie
) $ pip
install httpie
...
( httpie
) $ deactivate
$
alias
http =~
/ .virtualenvs
/ httpie
/ bin
/ http
$ http
-b GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ get
{
"args" :
{
} ,
"headers" :
{
"Accept" :
"*/*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" :
"gzip, deflate" ,
"Host" :
"httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" :
"HTTPie/1.0.2"
} ,
"origin" :
"104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210" ,
"url" :
"https://httpbin.org/get"
}
通过在虚拟环境内部直接为该命令别名http ,即使在虚拟环境不活动时也可以运行它。 您可以将alias命令放在.bash_profile或.bashrc中,以便可以使用以下命令升级HTTPie:
$ ~ / .virtualenvs / httpie / bin / pip install -U httpie
使用HTTPie查询网站
HTTPie可以简化查询和测试API。 上面使用了运行它的一个选项-b (也称为--body )。 如果没有它,HTTPie将默认打印整个响应,包括标头:
$ http GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ get
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Encoding:
gzip
Content-Length:
177
Content-Type: application
/ json
Date: Fri, 09 Aug
2019
20 :
19 :
47 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
{
"args" :
{
} ,
"headers" :
{
"Accept" :
"*/*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" :
"gzip, deflate" ,
"Host" :
"httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" :
"HTTPie/1.0.2"
} ,
"origin" :
"104.220.242.210, 104.220.242.210" ,
"url" :
"https://httpbin.org/get"
}
这在调试API服务时至关重要,因为在标头中发送了很多信息。 例如,查看发送哪些cookie通常很重要。 Httpbin.org提供了用于通过URL路径设置cookie(出于测试目的)的选项。 以下将名为opensource的cookie设置为awesome值:
$ http GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ cookies
/ set
/ opensource
/ awesome
HTTP
/
1.1
302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length:
223
Content-Type: text
/ html;
charset =utf-
8
Date: Fri, 09 Aug
2019
20 :
22 :
39 GMT
Location:
/ cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie:
opensource =awesome;
Path =
/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
<! DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"
>
< title
> Redirecting...
</ title
>
< h1
> Redirecting...
</ h1
>
< p
> You should be redirected automatically to target URL:
< a
href =
"/cookies"
>/ cookies
</ a
> . If not click the link.
注意Set-Cookie:opensource = awesome; 路径= /标头。 这表明您期望设置的cookie已正确设置并带有/路径。 另请注意,即使您获得了302重定向, http也没有遵循它。 如果要遵循重定向,则需要使用--follow标志明确要求它:
$ http
--follow GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ cookies
/ set
/ opensource
/ awesome
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Encoding:
gzip
Content-Length:
66
Content-Type: application
/ json
Date: Sat,
10 Aug
2019 01:
33 :
34 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
{
"cookies" :
{
"opensource" :
"awesome"
}
}
但是现在您看不到原始的Set-Cookie标头。 为了查看中间答复,您需要使用--all :
$ http
--headers
--all
--follow \
GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ cookies
/ set
/ opensource
/ awesome
HTTP
/
1.1
302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Content-Type: text
/ html;
charset =utf-
8
Date: Sat,
10 Aug
2019 01:
38 :
40 GMT
Location:
/ cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie:
opensource =awesome;
Path =
/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
Content-Length:
223
Connection: keep-alive
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Content-Encoding:
gzip
Content-Type: application
/ json
Date: Sat,
10 Aug
2019 01:
38 :
41 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
Content-Length:
66
Connection: keep-alive
打印主体无趣,因为您对Cookie最为感兴趣。 如果要查看中间请求的标头,但最终请求的正文,请执行以下操作:
$ http
--print hb
--history-print h
--all
--follow \
GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ cookies
/ set
/ opensource
/ awesome
HTTP
/
1.1
302 FOUND
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Content-Type: text
/ html;
charset =utf-
8
Date: Sat,
10 Aug
2019 01:
40 :
56 GMT
Location:
/ cookies
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
Set-Cookie:
opensource =awesome;
Path =
/
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
Content-Length:
223
Connection: keep-alive
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Content-Encoding:
gzip
Content-Type: application
/ json
Date: Sat,
10 Aug
2019 01:
40 :
56 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
Content-Length:
66
Connection: keep-alive
{
"cookies" :
{
"opensource" :
"awesome"
}
}
您可以使用--print精确控制要打印的内容,并使用--history-print覆盖用于中间请求的内容 。
使用HTTPie下载二进制文件
有时,主体是非文本的,需要发送到可以由其他应用程序打开的文件中:
$ http GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ image
/ jpeg
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length:
35588
Content-Type: image
/ jpeg
Date: Fri, 09 Aug
2019
20 :
25 :
49 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
+-----------------------------------------+
| NOTE: binary data not shown
in terminal
|
+-----------------------------------------+
为了获得正确的图像,您需要将其保存到文件中:
$ http
--download GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ image
/ jpeg
HTTP
/
1.1
200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials:
true
Access-Control-Allow-Origin:
*
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length:
35588
Content-Type: image
/ jpeg
Date: Fri, 09 Aug
2019
20 :
28 :
13 GMT
Referrer-Policy: no-referrer-when-downgrade
Server: nginx
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection:
1 ;
mode =block
Downloading
34.75 kB to
"jpeg.jpe"
Done.
34.75 kB
in 0.00068s
(
50.05 MB
/ s
)
试试吧! 图片很可爱。
使用HTTPie发送自定义请求
您还可以发送特定的标题。 这对于需要非标准标头的自定义Web API很有用:
$ http GET https:
// httpbin.org
/ headers X-Open-Source-Com:Awesome
{
"headers" :
{
"Accept" :
"*/*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" :
"gzip, deflate" ,
"Host" :
"httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" :
"HTTPie/1.0.2" ,
"X-Open-Source-Com" :
"Awesome"
}
}
最后,如果要发送JSON字段(尽管可以指定确切的内容),对于许多嵌套较少的输入,可以使用快捷方式:
$ http
--body PUT https:
// httpbin.org
/ anything open-source=awesome
author =moshez
{
"args" :
{
} ,
"data" :
"{ \" open-source \" : \" awesome \" , \" author \" : \" moshez \" }" ,
"files" :
{
} ,
"form" :
{
} ,
"headers" :
{
"Accept" :
"application/json, */*" ,
"Accept-Encoding" :
"gzip, deflate" ,
"Content-Length" :
"46" ,
"Content-Type" :
"application/json" ,
"Host" :
"httpbin.org" ,
"User-Agent" :
"HTTPie/1.0.2"
} ,
"json" :
{
"author" :
"moshez" ,
"open-source" :
"awesome"
} ,
"method" :
"PUT" ,
"origin" :
"73.162.254.113, 73.162.254.113" ,
"url" :
"https://httpbin.org/anything"
}
下次调试Web API(无论是您自己的还是其他人的Web API)时,请放下cURL并访问HTTPie(Web API的命令行客户端)。
翻译自: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/getting-started-httpie
httpie