如何在Linux上创建和管理新用户

As a systems administrator or regular Linux user, you may be required to create additional users in the system so that other users can reap the benefits of interacting with the system. In this tutorial, we will walk you through how to create and manage new users on a Linux system.

作为系统管理员或常规Linux用户，可能需要您在系统中创建其他用户，以便其他用户可以获得与系统交互的好处。 在本教程中，我们将引导您逐步了解如何在Linux系统上创建和管理新用户。

创建新用户 (Creating New Users)

There are 2 commands that can be used to create users in the system.

有2个命令可用于在系统中创建用户。

1. adduser
   添加用户
2. useradd
   用户添加

Let’s have a look at each of them in detail.

让我们详细了解它们中的每一个。

adduser命令 (adduser command)

adduser command is a user-friendly Perl script that creates a fully functional Linux user on the system.

adduser命令是用户友好的Perl脚本，可在系统上创建功能齐全的Linux用户。

句法 (Syntax)

The syntax for adding a new user to a Linux system is as shown below

将新用户添加到Linux系统的语法如下所示

# adduser username

adduser command offers a high-level interface and performs the following functions

adduser命令提供了高级界面并执行以下功能

1. Creates a new user called ‘username’
   创建一个名为“用户名”的新用户
2. Creates a new group with the new user’s username
   用新用户的用户名创建一个新组
3. Places the new user in the newly created group bearing user’s username
   将新用户放置在带有用户名的新创建的组中
4. Creates a home directory (/home/username) and later copy the files from /etc/skel into it.
   创建一个主目录（/ home / username），然后将文件从/etc/skel复制到其中。
5. Prompts for additional information about the new user such as Full Name , Room Number, Work Phone, and Home Phone
   提示输入有关新用户的其他信息，例如全名，房间号，工作电话和家庭电话

添加新用户 (Adding a new user)

In this example, we are going to add a user ‘penguin’ to the system

在此示例中，我们将向系统添加用户“企鹅”

# adduser penguin

>Sample Output

>样品输出

The list of users in a Linux system is stored in /etc/passwd file. Therefore, to verify that the user has been created run

Linux系统中的用户列表存储在/etc/passwd文件中。 因此，要验证是否已创建用户，请运行

cat /etc/passwd

>Sample Output

>样品输出

useradd命令 (useradd command)

useradd command is a native binary command and is considered a low-level utility for adding users to the system. The command cannot achieve most of the functionalities that adduser accomplishes at once and therefore , requires more options in its syntax.

useradd命令是本机二进制命令，被认为是用于将用户添加到系统的低级实用程序。 该命令无法实现adduser完成的大多数功能，因此，其语法需要更多选项。

句法 (Syntax)

The syntax for using the useradd command is

使用useradd命令的语法是

useradd -option username

-m选项 (-m option)

By default, useradd command does not create a home directory for the new user like adduser command. This is show in the output below where a new user ‘james’ has been created.

默认情况下， useradd命令不会像adduser命令那样为新用户创建主目录。 这显示在下面的输出中，其中已创建了新用户“ james”。

Sample Output

样本输出

To create a user along with the home directory, use the -m option as shown.

要与主目录一起创建用户，请使用-m选项，如图所示。

$ useradd -m username

For example, to create user ‘james’ alongside his home directory, execute:

例如，要在用户的主目录旁边创建用户“ james”，请执行以下命令：

$ useradd -m james

Now you can verify the existence of the home directory for the user ‘james’ by running:

现在，您可以通过运行以下命令来验证用户“ james”的主目录是否存在：

$ ls /home

Sample Output

样本输出

-u（–uid）选项 (-u (–uid) option)

The -u option creates the user with a specific UID (User ID). A User ID is a positive integer that is automatically assigned to a new user by the Linux system.

-u选项创建具有特定UID（用户ID）的用户。 用户ID是一个正整数，Linux系统会自动将其分配给新用户。

For example, to create a user ‘james’ with a UID of 1400 execute:

例如，要创建UID为1400的用户“ james”，请执行以下操作：

$ useradd -u 1400 james

This can be verified by the command

可以通过以下命令验证

$ id james

Sample Output

样本输出

Alternatively, you can verify the UID by running

或者，您可以通过运行来验证UID

id -u james

Sample Output

样本输出

-g（–gid）选项 (-g (–gid) option)

The -g or --gid option creates a user belonging to a certain group by specifying either the group name or the GID number.

-g或--gid选项通过指定组名或GID号来创建属于某个组的用户。

For example, to create the user ‘james’ belonging to a new group called users, execute the command

例如，要创建属于名为用户的新组的用户“ james”，请执行以下命令

$ useradd -g users james

To verify this, run the command below

要验证这一点，请运行以下命令

$ id -gn james

Sample Output

样本输出

-c（–comment）选项 (-c (–comment) option)

The -c (–comment) option allows you to create a user with a brief description of the new user. For example, to create a new user ‘james’ with a string “IT department” execute

-c（–comment）选项允许您创建一个带有新用户简要说明的用户。 例如，创建带有字符串“ IT department”的新用户“ james”，请执行

$ useradd -c "IT departmemt" james

The comment is stored in the /etc/passwd file. You can use the cat command to reveal the details of the user a shown

注释存储在/etc/passwd文件中。 您可以使用cat命令来显示用户的详细信息，如图所示

Sample Output

样本输出

-e（–expiredate）选项 (-e (–expiredate) option)

If you want to define a date upon which a new user account will expire, then use the -e option.

如果要定义新用户帐户的到期日期，请使用-e选项。

For instance, to create a new user called ‘james’ with an expiry date set to June 10 2019 execute

例如，要创建一个名为“ james”的新用户，并将其到期日设置为June 10 2019执行

$ useradd -e 2019-06-10 username

Next, use the chage command to verify the user account expiry date:

接下来，使用chage命令验证用户帐户的到期日期：

sudo chage -l username

Sample Output

样本输出

将用户添加到sudoers组 (Adding users to sudoers group)

Sometimes, you may need to delegate some administrative rights to regular users so that they can perform some administrative tasks. To accomplish this, you need to add them to the sudoers group.

有时，您可能需要将某些管理权限委派给普通用户，以便他们可以执行某些管理任务。 为此，您需要将它们添加到sudoers组。

One way of adding users to the sudoers group is by running the command below

将用户添加到sudoers组的一种方法是运行以下命令

$ usermod -a -G sudo username

Where username is the user that you want to add to the sudoers group. For instance, to add the user ‘james’ to sudoers group run the command

其中username是要添加到sudoers组的用户。 例如，要将用户“ james”添加到sudoers组，请运行以下命令

$ usermod -a -G sudo james

To verify that the user ‘james’ has been added to the sudo group run

验证用户“ james”已添加到sudo组中，运行

groups james

Sample output

样品输出

Alternatively, you can edit your sudoers file using the visudo command by running

或者，您可以通过运行以下命令使用visudo命令编辑sudoers文件：

visudo

This will open the file as shown below

这将打开文件，如下所示

Next, append the following line

接下来，添加以下行

username ALL = (ALL)ALL

Save and exit the text editor.

保存并退出文本编辑器。

Now you can switch to the regular user and execute an admin command by preceding the username with
sudo as shown.

现在，您可以切换到普通用户并通过在用户名前面加上来执行管理命令
sudo如图所示。

删除用户 (Deleting users)

To completely delete a user from the Linux system, use the userdel command with -r attribute as shown

要从Linux系统中完全删除用户，请使用带有-r属性的userdel命令，如下所示

$ userdel -r username

To delete user ‘james’ run the below command.

要删除用户“ james”，请运行以下命令。

$ userdel -r james

结论 (Conclusion)

In this article, you learned how to create and manage new users in Linux with adduser and useradd commands. These commands run across all distributions, both Debian and Redhat distributions.

在本文中，您学习了如何使用adduser和useradd命令在Linux中创建和管理新用户。 这些命令在Debian和Redhat发行版的所有发行版上运行。

翻译自: https://www.journaldev.com/28677/create-manage-new-users-linux