osi七层模型原理_OSI模型-功能，原理和层次

osi七层模型原理

There are n numbers of users who use computer network and are located over the world. So to ensure, national and worldwide data communication, systems must be developed which are compatible to communicate with each other ISO has developed a standard. ISO stands for International organization of Standardization. This is called a model for Open System Interconnection (OSI) and is commonly known as OSI model.

世界各地有n使用计算机网络的用户。 因此，为确保在全国和全球范围内进行数据通信，必须开发相互兼容的系统，ISO已制定了标准。 ISO代表国际标准化组织 。 这称为开放系统互连 (OSI)模型，通常称为OSI模型。

The ISO-OSI model is a seven layer architecture. It defines seven layers or levels in a complete communication system. They are:

ISO-OSI模型是七层体系结构。 它在完整的通信系统中定义了七个层或级别。 他们是：

1. Application Layer

   应用层

2. Presentation Layer

   表示层

3. Session Layer

   会话层

4. Transport Layer

   传输层

5. Network Layer

   网络层

6. Datalink Layer

   数据链路层

7. Physical Layer

   物理层

Below we have the complete representation of the OSI model, showcasing all the layers and how they communicate with each other.

在下面，我们完整地描述了OSI模型，展示了所有层以及它们如何相互通信。

In the table below, we have specified the protocols used and the data unit exchanged by each layer of the OSI Model.

在下表中，我们指定了OSI模型各层使用的协议和交换的数据单元 。

OSI模型的特征 (Feature of OSI Model)

1. Big picture of communication over network is understandable through this OSI model.

   通过此OSI模型可以理解网络通信的全局。

2. We see how hardware and software work together.

   我们看到了硬件和软件如何协同工作。

3. We can understand new technologies as they are developed.

   我们可以了解新技术的发展。

4. Troubleshooting is easier by separate networks.

   通过单独的网络可以更轻松地进行故障排除。

5. Can be used to compare basic functional relationships on different networks.

   可用于比较不同网络上的基本功能关系。

OSI参考模型的原理 (Principles of OSI Reference Model)

The OSI reference model has 7 layers. The principles that were applied to arrive at the seven layers can be briefly summarized as follows:

OSI参考模型具有7层。 可以概括为以下七个层而应用的原理：

1. A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed.

   应该在需要不同抽象的地方创建一个层。

2. Each layer should perform a well-defined function.

   每层应执行定义明确的功能。

3. The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardized protocols.

   选择每一层的功能时应着眼于定义国际标准化协议。

4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the interfaces.

   应该选择层边界以最小化跨接口的信息流。

5. The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions need not be thrown together in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that architecture does not become unwieldly.

   层数应足够大，以至于不必在同一层中将不同的功能放在一起，而又应足够小，以使架构不会变得毫无用处。

不同层的功能 (Functions of Different Layers)

Following are the functions performed by each layer of the OSI model. This is just an introduction, we will cover each layer in details in the coming tutorials.

以下是OSI模型的每一层执行的功能。 这只是一个介绍，我们将在接下来的教程中详细介绍每一层。

OSI模型第1层：物理层 (OSI Model Layer 1: The Physical Layer)

1. Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.

   物理层是OSI模型的最低层。

2. It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.

   它激活，维护和停用物理连接。

3. It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over network.

   它负责通过网络传输和接收非结构化原始数据。

4. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer.

   传输所需的电压和数据速率在物理层中定义。

5. It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals.

   它将数字/模拟位转换为电信号或光信号。

6. Data encoding is also done in this layer.

   数据编码也在此层中完成。

OSI模型第2层：数据链路层 (OSI Model Layer 2: Data Link Layer)

1. Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer.

   数据链路层同步要在物理层上传输的信息。

2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.

   该层的主要功能是确保在物理层上从一个节点到另一个节点的数据传输没有错误。

3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by this layer.

   依次发送和接收数据帧由该层管理。

4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames received and sent respectively. Resending of non-acknowledgement received frames is also handled by this layer.

   该层发送并期望分别接收和发送的帧的确认。 该层也处理未确认接收帧的重发。

5. This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes and also manages the Frame traffic control over the network. It signals the transmitting node to stop, when the frame buffers are full.

   该层在两个节点之间建立逻辑层，并且还管理网络上的帧流量控制。 当帧缓冲区已满时，它向发送节点发出停止信号。

OSI模型第3层：网络层 (OSI Model Layer 3: The Network Layer)

1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from one node to other.

   网络层通过不同的通道将信号从一个节点路由到另一节点。

2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.

   它充当网络控制器。 它管理子网流量。

3. It decides by which route data should take.

   它决定数据应采用的路线。

4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the incoming packets into messages for higher levels.

   它将传出的消息划分为数据包，并将传入的数据包组合为更高级别的消息。

OSI模型第4层：传输层 (OSI Model Layer 4: Transport Layer)

1. Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on parallel path or single path.

   传输层决定数据传输是在并行路径上还是在单路径上。

2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the data are done by this layer

   数据的复用，分段或拆分等功能均由该层完成

3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.

   它从其上方的会话层接收消息，将消息转换为较小的单元，然后传递到网络层。

4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the network requirements.

   传输层可能非常复杂，具体取决于网络要求。

Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they are handled more efficiently by the network layer.

传输层将消息(数据)分解为较小的单元，以便网络层可以更有效地处理它们。

OSI模型第5层：会话层 (OSI Model Layer 5: The Session Layer)

1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation between two different applications.

   会话层管理和同步两个不同应用程序之间的对话。

2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.

   标记了数据从源到目标会话层的数据流的传输，并进行了正确的重新同步，因此不会过早地剪切消息的末尾，从而避免了数据丢失。

OSI模型第6层：表示层 (OSI Model Layer 6: The Presentation Layer)

1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.

   表示层要注意，数据的发送方式应使接收方可以理解信息(数据)并能够使用该数据。

2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to be ready for the application layer.

   在接收数据时，表示层将数据转换为可用于应用程序层。

3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of translator.

   两种通信系统的语言(语法)可以不同。 在这种情况下，表示层起着翻译器的作用。

4. It perfroms Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion etc.

   它执行数据压缩，数据加密，数据转换等。

OSI模型第7层：应用程序层 (OSI Model Layer 7: Application Layer)

1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.

   应用层是最顶层。

2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource etc are services provided by application layer.

   在该层中还完成了将影响结果的文件传输给用户的操作。 邮件服务，目录服务，网络资源等是应用程序层提供的服务。

3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the received and to be sent data.

   该层主要保存应用程序以对接收和发送的数据起作用。

OSI参考模型的优点 (Merits of OSI reference model)

1. OSI model distinguishes well between the services, interfaces and protocols.

   OSI模型很好地区分了服务，接口和协议。

2. Protocols of OSI model are very well hidden.

   OSI模型的协议非常隐蔽。

3. Protocols can be replaced by new protocols as technology changes.

   随着技术的变化，可以用新协议替换协议。

4. Supports connection oriented services as well as connectionless service.

   支持面向连接的服务以及无连接服务。

OSI参考模型的缺点 (Demerits of OSI reference model)

1. Model was devised before the invention of protocols.

   在协议发明之前就已经设计了模型。

2. Fitting of protocols is tedious task.

   协议的拟合是繁琐的任务。

3. It is just used as a reference model.

   它仅用作参考模型。

翻译自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/complete-osi-model

osi七层模型原理