计算机网络安全导论 龚俭_计算机网络导论

计算机网络安全导论 龚俭

Modern world scenario is ever changing. Data Communication and network have changed the way business and other daily affair works. Now, they highly rely on computer networks and internetwork.

现代世界的情况正在发生变化。 数据通信和网络已经改变了业务和其他日常事务的工作方式。 现在，他们高度依赖计算机网络和互联网络。

A set of devices often mentioned as nodes connected by media link is called a Network.

通常称为通过媒体链接连接的节点的一组设备称为网络。

A node can be a device which is capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network like a computer, printer etc. These links connecting the devices are called Communication channels.

节点可以是能够发送或接收由网络上其他节点(例如计算机，打印机等)生成的数据的设备。连接设备的这些链接称为“ 通信通道” 。

Computer network is a telecommunication channel using which we can share data with other coomputers or devices, connected to the same network. It is also called Data Network. The best example of computer network is Internet.

计算机网络是一个电信渠道，通过它我们可以与连接到同一网络的其他计算机或设备共享数据。 它也称为数据网络。 最好的计算机网络示例是Internet。

Computer network does not mean a system with one Control Unit connected to multiple other systems as its slave. That is Distributed system, not Computer Network.

计算机网络并不意味着将一个控制单元作为从站连接到多个其他系统的系统。 那是分布式系统，而不是计算机网络。

A network must be able to meet certain criterias, these are mentioned below:

网络必须能够满足某些条件，以下提到了这些条件：

1. Performance

   性能

2. Reliability

   可靠性

3. Scalability

   可扩展性

计算机网络：性能 (Computer Networks: Performance)

It can be measured in the following ways:

可以通过以下方式进行测量：

• Transit time : It is the time taken to travel a message from one device to another.

  传输时间：这是将消息从一台设备传输到另一台设备所花费的时间。

• Response time : It is defined as the time elapsed between enquiry and response.

  响应时间：定义为查询和响应之间经过的时间。

Other ways to measure performance are :

衡量绩效的其他方法是：

1. Efficiency of software

   软件效率

2. Number of users

   用户数

3. Capability of connected hardware

   连接硬件的能力

计算机网络：可靠性 (Computer Networks: Reliability)

It decides the frequency at which network failure take place. More the failures are, less is the network's reliability.

它确定发生网络故障的频率。 故障越多，网络的可靠性就越差。

计算机网络：安全性 (Computer Networks: Security)

It refers to the protection of data from any unauthorised user or access. While travelling through network, data passes many layers of network, and data can be traced if attempted. Hence security is also a very important characteristic for Networks.

它指的是防止任何未经授权的用户或访问的数据。 在网络中传输数据时，数据会经过网络的许多层，如果尝试可以跟踪数据。 因此，安全性对于网络也是非常重要的特征。

良好网络的属性 (Properties of a Good Network)

1. Interpersonal Communication: We can communicate with each other efficiently and easily. Example: emails, chat rooms, video conferencing etc, all of these are possible because of computer networks.

   人际沟通：我们可以轻松高效地进行沟通。 例如：电子邮件，聊天室，视频会议等，由于计算机网络的缘故，所有这些都是可能的。

2. Resources can be shared: We can share physical resources by making them available on a network such as printers, scanners etc.

   可以共享资源：我们可以通过使物理资源在打印机，扫描仪等网络上可用来共享物理资源。

3. Sharing files, data: Authorised users are allowed to share the files on the network.

   共享文件，数据：允许授权用户共享网络上的文件。

基本沟通模式 (Basic Communication Model)

A Communication model is used to exchange data between two parties. For example: communication between a computer, server and telephone (through modem).

通信模型用于在两方之间交换数据。 例如：计算机，服务器和电话之间的通信(通过调制解调器)。

沟通模式：来源 (Communication Model: Source)

Data to be transmitted is generated by this device, example: telephones, personal computers etc.

该设备生成要传输的数据，例如：电话，个人计算机等。

通讯模式：发射器 (Communication Model: Transmitter)

The data generated by the source system is not directly transmitted in the form its generated. The transmitter transforms and encodes the data in such a form to produce electromagnetic waves or signals.

源系统生成的数据不会以其生成的形式直接传输。 发射机以这种形式对数据进行转换和编码，以产生电磁波或信号。

通讯模式：传输系统 (Communication Model: Transmission System)

A transmission system can be a single transmission line or a complex network connecting source and destination.

传输系统可以是一条传输线，也可以是连接源和目标的复杂网络。

通讯模式：接收器 (Communication Model: Receiver)

Receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form which is easily managed by the destination device.

接收器从传输系统接收信号，并将其转换为易于由目标设备管理的形式。

沟通模式：目的地 (Communication Model: Destination)

Destination receives the incoming data from the receiver.

目标从接收器接收传入的数据。

数据通讯 (Data Communication)

The exchange of data between two devices through a transmission medium is called Data Communication. The data is exchanged in the form of 0's and 1's. The transmission medium used is wire cable. For data communication to occur, the communication device must be a part of a communication system. Data Communication has two types - Local and Remote which are discussed below:

通过传输介质在两个设备之间交换数据的过程称为数据通信 。 数据以0和1的形式交换。 使用的传输介质是电缆。 为了进行数据通信，通信设备必须是通信系统的一部分。 数据通信有两种类型- 本地和远程 ，下面将进行讨论：

数据通讯：本地 (Data Communication: Local)

Local communication takes place when the communicating devices are in the same geographical area, same building, or face-to-face etc.

当通信设备位于同一地理区域，同一建筑物或面对面等时，发生本地通信。

数据通讯：远程 (Data Communication: Remote)

Remote communication takes place over a distance i.e. the devices are farther. The effectiveness of a data communication can be measured through the following features :

远程通信发生在一定距离之外，即设备距离更远。 数据通信的有效性可以通过以下功能来衡量：

1. Delivery: Delivery should be done to the correct destination.

   交付 ：应将其交付到正确的目的地。

2. Timeliness: Delivery should be on time.

   及时性 ：交货应准时。

3. Accuracy: Data delivered should be accurate.

   准确性 ：传送的数据应准确。

数据通讯的组成部分 (Components of Data Communication)

1. Message: It is the information to be delivered.

   消息：这是要传递的信息。

2. Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the message.

   发件人：发件人是发送邮件的人。

3. Receiver: Receiver is the person to whom the message is being sent to.

   接收者：接收者是向其发送消息的人。

4. Medium: It is the medium through which the message is sent. For example: A Modem.

   媒介：它是通过其发送消息的媒介。 例如：调制解调器。

5. Protocol: These are some set of rules which govern data communication.

   协议：这些是控制数据通信的一组规则。

翻译自: https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/overview-of-computer-networks

计算机网络安全导论 龚俭