什么是计算机硬件和组件？

A computer is an electronic device which can compute according to the provided input and software. Computer mainly consists of two main components named Computer Hardware and Computer Software. Computer Hardware provides physical facilities to run the computer software.

计算机是可以根据提供的输入和软件进行计算的电子设备。 计算机主要由两个主要组件组成，分别称为Computer Hardware和Computer Software 。 计算机硬件提供了运行计算机软件的物理设施。

电脑类型 (Computer Types)

Before starting to describe the Computer hardware we have to learn computer types. Because the hardware can change according to the computer type. There is 3 main type of computer according to their hardware and use case.

在开始描述计算机硬件之前，我们必须学习计算机类型。 因为硬件可以根据计算机类型进行更改。 根据计算机的硬件和使用情况，有3种主要类型的计算机。

• `Desktop Computer` is used in desktops in a fixed way. Desktop computers provide daily usage or some special use cases like graphic design etc.
  “台式计算机”以固定方式在台式机中使用。 台式计算机提供日常使用或某些特殊用例，例如图形设计等。
• `Laptop` is used for mobility where it all hardware is integrated into a single part for mobility and efficiency.
  笔记本电脑用于移动性，所有硬件都集成到一个部件中，以提高移动性和效率。
• `Server` is used for business and enterprise applications for reliability, performance. Servers generally do not have a fixed monitor or advanced GPU in most cases.
  “服务器”用于商业和企业应用程序，以提高可靠性和性能。 在大多数情况下，服务器通常没有固定的监视器或高级GPU。

电脑五金配件 (Computer Hardware Parts)

Computers are a complex system where it has a lot of different components and parts. Here will list most popular of them. We will explain them in detail in the following parts.

计算机是一个复杂的系统，其中包含许多不同的组件和零件。 这里将列出其中最受欢迎的。 我们将在以下部分中详细解释它们。

• CPU
  中央处理器
• Motherboard – Mainboard
  主板–主板
• RAM
  内存
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – SSD
  硬盘驱动器(HDD)– SSD
• Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)
  图形处理单元(GPU)
• Network Interface Card (NIC) – Ethernet Card, Wireless
  网络接口卡(NIC)–无线以太网卡
• Optic Drives – CDROM/DVDROM
  光盘驱动器– CDROM / DVDROM
• Monitor
  监控
• Mouse
  老鼠
• Keyboard
  键盘
• Ports
  港口
• Case
  案件

中央处理器(CPU)(Central Processing Unit (CPU))

Central Processing Unit or CPU is the heart of the computer where most of the data, control are done in the CPU. Software instructions run on CPU and this software controls other components of the computer hardware via CPU communication. There are two well-known CPU producers named Intel and AMD where most of the computer CPUs are manufactured by them. CPU has a connection to most of the computer hardware for communication and management purposes.

中央处理单元或CPU是计算机的心脏，大部分数据的控制均在CPU中进行。 软件指令在CPU上运行，并且此软件通过CPU通讯控制计算机硬件的其他组件。 有两家知名的CPU生产商，分别称为Intel和AMD，其中大多数计算机CPU是由它们生产的。 CPU具有与大多数计算机硬件的连接，以进行通信和管理。

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主板–主板(Motherboard – Mainboard)

Mainboard or Motherboard is the main component of the computer where all other hardware is connected via different ways. First of all CPU, RAM, HDD is connected into the mainboard where monitor, keyboard, mouse and similar hardware is connected via different cables like USB, HDMI, VGA, etc.

主板或主板是计算机的主要组件，所有其他硬件通过不同的方式连接。 首先，将CPU，RAM，HDD连接到主板，通过不同的电缆(例如USB，HDMI，VGA等)将监视器，键盘，鼠标和类似硬件连接到主板。

随机存取存储器(RAM) (Random Access Memory (RAM ))

While running a PC the operations and data should be stored in a memory where it is fast. Random Access Memory or RAM is the memory where all actively used data is stored. RAM provides volatile memory where when the computer is turned off all its data is lost which is an advantage because this provides speed to the RAM. Higher memory or RAM means we can run multiple applications in the same time.

在运行PC时，操作和数据应存储在快速存储的存储器中。 随机存取存储器或RAM是存储所有活动使用的数据的存储器。 RAM提供易失性内存，在计算机关闭时，所有数据都会丢失，这是一个优势，因为这可以提高RAM的速度。 更高的内存或RAM意味着我们可以同时运行多个应用程序。

硬盘驱动器(HDD)– SSD (Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – SSD)

RAM is used for volatile memory to store data while running computer. We also need some persistent memory which will be stored even the computer turned off. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is used store data permanently where it can be changed explicitly too. SSD is a new flash technology which provides faster data read and write performance for disks.

RAM用于易失性内存，以在运行计算机时存储数据。 我们还需要一些持久性内存，即使计算机关闭也可以存储这些内存。 硬盘驱动器(HDD)用于永久存储数据，也可以在其中进行显式更改。 SSD是一项新的闪存技术，可为磁盘提供更快的数据读写性能。

图形处理单元(GPU) (Graphical Processing Unit (GPU))

Video Card or with its new name Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) is used to calculate graphics and visual elements to the monitor. GPU provides performative parallel processing. 3D designs, games generally require strong GPU. Nvidia has a lot of powerfull GPU products where Intel provides entry-level less pricy integrated GPU.

视频卡或其新名称图形处理单元(GPU)用于计算显示器的图形和视觉元素。 GPU提供执行性并行处理。 3D设计，游戏通常需要强大的GPU。 英伟达拥有许多功能强大的GPU产品，英特尔在其中提供了入门级的价格更低的集成GPU。

光盘驱动器– CDROM / DVDROM (Optic Drives – CDROM/DVDROM)

Optic Drives or CDROM/DVDROM is used to store data in CD/DVD in optical ways. So transmitting and storing big data can be done very cheaply. But with the current advenements in USB Flash Drives and internet,  CD and DVD has lost its popularity.

光盘驱动器或CDROM / DVDROM用于以光学方式将数据存储在CD / DVD中。 因此，传输和存储大数据可以非常便宜地完成。 但是随着USB闪存驱动器和互联网的最新发展，CD和DVD逐渐失去了它的知名度。

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网络接口卡(NIC)–无线以太网卡 (Network Interface Card (NIC) – Ethernet Card, Wireless)

What makes a computer real computer is a connection to the internet or an intranet. In order to connect internet, we have to use some computer network and its resources. The connection is generally done with a Network Interface Card (NIC) which is generally an Ethernet Card or Wireless Card.

使计算机成为真正的计算机的原因是与Internet或Intranet的连接。 为了连接互联网，我们必须使用一些计算机网络及其资源。 通常使用网络接口卡(NIC)进行连接，该网络接口卡通常是以太网卡或无线卡。

监控 (Monitor)

Monitor output hardware where the computer software interfaces and applications output are shown. Monitors connected to the GPU or Mainboard via VGA, HDMI, DVI connection and show the operating system, application GUI in a graphical manner.

监视输出硬件，其中显示了计算机软件接口和应用程序输出。 监视器通过VGA，HDMI，DVI连接到GPU或主板，并以图形方式显示操作系统和应用程序GUI。

老鼠 (Mouse)

The mouse is input hardware where the mouse in the operating system can be controlled. The mouse is used to click, select different functions, button, windows which can be seen from the monitor.

鼠标是输入硬件，可以在操作系统中控制鼠标。 鼠标用于单击，选择不同的功能，按钮，可从监视器看到的窗口。

键盘 (Keyboard)

The keyboard is another important input hardware where we mainly provide commands, text, numeric data into the computer software like browser, word processor, etc. Keyboards are generally designed to the according to the user’s language and alphabet but generally will be compatible with the English language and letters.

键盘是另一种重要的输入硬件，我们主要向计算机软件(如浏览器，文字处理器等)提供命令，文本，数字数据。键盘通常根据用户的语言和字母进行设计，但通常会与英语兼容语言和字母。

翻译自: https://www.poftut.com/what-is-computer-hardware-and-components/