带有Python的AI –监督学习：回归

带有Python的AI –监督学习：回归 (AI with Python – Supervised Learning: Regression)

Regression is one of the most important statistical and machine learning tools. We would not be wrong to say that the journey of machine learning starts from regression. It may be defined as the parametric technique that allows us to make decisions based upon data or in other words allows us to make predictions based upon data by learning the relationship between input and output variables. Here, the output variables dependent on the input variables, are continuous-valued real numbers. In regression, the relationship between input and output variables matters and it helps us in understanding how the value of the output variable changes with the change of input variable. Regression is frequently used for prediction of prices, economics, variations, and so on.

回归是最重要的统计和机器学习工具之一。 我们可以肯定地说机器学习的旅程是从回归开始的。 它可以定义为一种参数技术，它使我们能够基于数据做出决策，或者换句话说，就是通过学习输入和输出变量之间的关系，使我们能够基于数据做出预测。 在此，取决于输入变量的输出变量是连续值的实数。 在回归中，输入变量和输出变量之间的关系很重要，它有助于我们理解输出变量的值如何随输入变量的变化而变化。 回归通常用于预测价格，经济，变化等。

用Python构建回归器 (Building Regressors in Python)

In this section, we will learn how to build single as well as multivariable regressor.

在本节中，我们将学习如何构建单变量回归变量和多变量回归变量。

线性回归/单变量回归 (Linear Regressor/Single Variable Regressor)

Let us important a few required packages −

让我们重要一些必需的软件包-

import numpy as np
from sklearn import linear_model
import sklearn.metrics as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Now, we need to provide the input data and we have saved our data in the file named linear.txt.

现在，我们需要提供输入数据，并且已经将数据保存在名为linear.txt的文件中。

input = 'D:/ProgramData/linear.txt'

We need to load this data by using the np.loadtxt function.

我们需要使用np.loadtxt函数加载此数据。

input_data = np.loadtxt(input, delimiter=',')
X, y = input_data[:, :-1], input_data[:, -1]

The next step would be to train the model. Let us give training and testing samples.

下一步将是训练模型。 让我们提供培训和测试样本。

training_samples = int(0.6 * len(X))
testing_samples = len(X) - num_training

X_train, y_train = X[:training_samples], y[:training_samples]

X_test, y_test = X[training_samples:], y[training_samples:]

Now, we need to create a linear regressor object.

现在，我们需要创建一个线性回归对象。

reg_linear = linear_model.LinearRegression()

Train the object with the training samples.

用训练样本训练对象。

reg_linear.fit(X_train, y_train)

We need to do the prediction with the testing data.

我们需要对测试数据进行预测。

y_test_pred = reg_linear.predict(X_test)

Now plot and visualize the data.

现在绘制并可视化数据。

plt.scatter(X_test, y_test, color = 'red')
plt.plot(X_test, y_test_pred, color = 'black', linewidth = 2)
plt.xticks(())
plt.yticks(())
plt.show()

输出量 (Output)

Now, we can compute the performance of our linear regression as follows −

现在，我们可以计算线性回归的性能，如下所示：

print("Performance of Linear regressor:")
print("Mean absolute error =", round(sm.mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Mean squared error =", round(sm.mean_squared_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Median absolute error =", round(sm.median_absolute_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Explain variance score =", round(sm.explained_variance_score(y_test, y_test_pred),
2))
print("R2 score =", round(sm.r2_score(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))

输出量 (Output)

Performance of Linear Regressor −

线性回归器的性能-

Mean absolute error = 1.78
Mean squared error = 3.89
Median absolute error = 2.01
Explain variance score = -0.09
R2 score = -0.09

In the above code, we have used this small data. If you want some big dataset then you can use sklearn.dataset to import bigger dataset.

在上面的代码中，我们使用了这些小数据。 如果需要一些大数据集，则可以使用sklearn.dataset导入更大的数据集。

2,4.82.9,4.72.5,53.2,5.56,57.6,43.2,0.92.9,1.92.4,
3.50.5,3.41,40.9,5.91.2,2.583.2,5.65.1,1.54.5,
1.22.3,6.32.1,2.8

多变量回归 (Multivariable Regressor)

First, let us import a few required packages −

首先，让我们导入一些必需的软件包-

import numpy as np
from sklearn import linear_model
import sklearn.metrics as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures

Now, we need to provide the input data and we have saved our data in the file named linear.txt.

现在，我们需要提供输入数据，并且已经将数据保存在名为linear.txt的文件中。

input = 'D:/ProgramData/Mul_linear.txt'

We will load this data by using the np.loadtxt function.

我们将使用np.loadtxt函数加载此数据。

input_data = np.loadtxt(input, delimiter=',')
X, y = input_data[:, :-1], input_data[:, -1]

The next step would be to train the model; we will give training and testing samples.

下一步将是训练模型； 我们将提供培训和测试样本。

training_samples = int(0.6 * len(X))
testing_samples = len(X) - num_training

X_train, y_train = X[:training_samples], y[:training_samples]

X_test, y_test = X[training_samples:], y[training_samples:]

Now, we need to create a linear regressor object.

现在，我们需要创建一个线性回归对象。

reg_linear_mul = linear_model.LinearRegression()

Train the object with the training samples.

用训练样本训练对象。

reg_linear_mul.fit(X_train, y_train)

Now, at last we need to do the prediction with the testing data.

现在，最后我们需要对测试数据进行预测。

y_test_pred = reg_linear_mul.predict(X_test)

print("Performance of Linear regressor:")
print("Mean absolute error =", round(sm.mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Mean squared error =", round(sm.mean_squared_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Median absolute error =", round(sm.median_absolute_error(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("Explain variance score =", round(sm.explained_variance_score(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))
print("R2 score =", round(sm.r2_score(y_test, y_test_pred), 2))

输出量 (Output)

Performance of Linear Regressor −

线性回归器的性能-

Mean absolute error = 0.6
Mean squared error = 0.65
Median absolute error = 0.41
Explain variance score = 0.34
R2 score = 0.33

Now, we will create a polynomial of degree 10 and train the regressor. We will provide the sample data point.

现在，我们将创建一个次数为10的多项式并训练回归器。 我们将提供样本数据点。

polynomial = PolynomialFeatures(degree = 10)
X_train_transformed = polynomial.fit_transform(X_train)
datapoint = [[2.23, 1.35, 1.12]]
poly_datapoint = polynomial.fit_transform(datapoint)

poly_linear_model = linear_model.LinearRegression()
poly_linear_model.fit(X_train_transformed, y_train)
print("\nLinear regression:\n", reg_linear_mul.predict(datapoint))
print("\nPolynomial regression:\n", poly_linear_model.predict(poly_datapoint))

输出量 (Output)

Linear regression −

线性回归-

[2.40170462]

Polynomial regression −

多项式回归-

[1.8697225]

In the above code, we have used this small data. If you want a big dataset then, you can use sklearn.dataset to import a bigger dataset.

在上面的代码中，我们使用了这些小数据。 如果您想要一个大数据集，则可以使用sklearn.dataset导入一个更大的数据集。

2,4.8,1.2,3.22.9,4.7,1.5,3.62.5,5,2.8,23.2,5.5,3.5,2.16,5,
2,3.27.6,4,1.2,3.23.2,0.9,2.3,1.42.9,1.9,2.3,1.22.4,3.5,
2.8,3.60.5,3.4,1.8,2.91,4,3,2.50.9,5.9,5.6,0.81.2,2.58,
3.45,1.233.2,5.6,2,3.25.1,1.5,1.2,1.34.5,1.2,4.1,2.32.3,
6.3,2.5,3.22.1,2.8,1.2,3.6

翻译自: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence_with_python/artificial_intelligence_with_python_supervised_learning_regression.htm