Apache的管理及优化web

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-16 08:50:25 发布
最新推荐文章于 2022-09-16 08:50:25 发布
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1：Apache的作用

在web被访问时通常使用http://的方式

http:// ##超文本传输协议

http:// 超文本传输协议提供软件：

Apache

nginx

stgw

jfe

Tengine

[root@vg1 ~]# curl -I baidu.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2022 02:04:18 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Tue, 12 Jan 2010 13:48:00 GMT
ETag: "51-47cf7e6ee8400"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 81
Cache-Control: max-age=86400
Expires: Mon, 04 Jul 2022 02:04:18 GMT
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Type: text/html
[root@vg1 ~]# curl -I 163.com
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2022 02:05:21 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 178
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.163.com/

[root@vg1 ~]# curl -I taobao.com
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Server: Tengine
Date: Sun, 03 Jul 2022 02:03:47 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 258
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.taobao.com/

2：Apache的安装

yum install httpd.x86_64  -y

3：Apache的启用

systemctl enable --now httpd ##开启服务并设定服务位开机启动

firewall-cmd --list-all ##查看火墙信息

firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http ##在火墙中永久开启http访问

firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https ##在火墙中永久开启https访问

firewall-cmd --reload ##刷新火墙使设定生效

[root@vg1 ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
[root@vg1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
success
[root@vg1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
success
[root@vg1 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
success

[root@vg1 ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@vg1 html]# ls
[root@vg1 html]# vim index.html
hello westos
~                                                                              
~                                                                              
~                                                                              
~

4：Apache的基本信息

服务名称：httpd

配置文件：

                      /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf                ##主配置文件

                      /etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf                   ##子配置文件

# Do not add a slash at the end of the directory path.  If you point
# ServerRoot at a non-local disk, be sure to specify a local disk on the
# Mutex directive, if file-based mutexes are used.  If you wish to share the
# same ServerRoot for multiple httpd daemons, you will need to change at
# least PidFile.
#
ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"

#
# Listen: Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and/or
# ports, instead of the default. See also the <VirtualHost>
# directive.
#
# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to 
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.

# Statically compiled modules (those listed by `httpd -l') do not need
# to be loaded here.
#
# Example:
# LoadModule foo_module modules/mod_foo.so
#
Include conf.modules.d/*.conf

#
# If you wish httpd to run as a different user or group, you must run
# httpd as root initially and it will switch.

默认发布目录：  /var/www/html

# DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
# documents. By default, all requests are taken from this directory, but
# symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
#
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"

#
# Relax access to content within /var/www.
#

默认发布文件： index.html

# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
# is requested.
#
<IfModule dir_module>
    DirectoryIndex index.html
</IfModule>

默认端口：    80 #http

# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to 
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.
#
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80

#
# Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support

用户: apache

# User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.
# It is usually good practice to create a dedicated user and group for
# running httpd, as with most system services.
#
User apache
Group apache

# 'Main' server configuration

#
# Relax access to content within /var/www.
#
<Directory "/var/www">
    AllowOverride None
    # Allow open access:
    Require all granted
</Directory>

日志： /etc/httpd/logs

[root@vg1 ~]# netstat -antlupe | grep httpd
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      0          34674      4140/httpd          
[root@vg1 ~]# cd /etc/httpd
[root@vg1 httpd]# ls
conf  conf.d  conf.modules.d  logs  modules  run
[root@vg1 httpd]# cd logs/
[root@vg1 logs]# ls
access_log  error_log
[root@vg1 logs]# pwd
/etc/httpd/logs

5：Apache的基本配置

①Apache端口修改

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Listen 8080

 38 # Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to 
 39 # prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.
 40 #
 41 #Listen 12.34.56.78:80
 42 Listen 8080
 43 
 44 #
 45 # Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
 46 #

firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8080/tcp

firewall-cmd --reload

systemctl restart httpd

[root@vg1 logs]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 
[root@vg1 logs]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@vg1 logs]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8080/tcp
success

http://172.25.37.9:8080看到index.html的内容

  

②默认发布文件

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

160 # DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
161 # is requested.
162 #
163 <IfModule dir_module>
164     DirectoryIndex index.html
165 </IfModule>
166

systemctl restart httpd

6:Apache的访问控制

#实验素材#

mkdir /var/www/html/westos

vim /var/www/html/westos/index.html

 写入：<h1>westosdir's page</h1>

[root@vg1 ~]# mkdir /var/www/html/westos
[root@vg1 ~]# vim /var/www/html/westos/index.html
<h1>westosdir's page</h1>

firefox http://192.168.0.11/westos

①基于客户端ip的访问控制#

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">

                          Order Deny,Allow

                           Allow from 172.25.37.5

                           Deny from All

</Directory>

129 
130 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
131    Order Deny,Allow
132    Allow from 172.25.37.5
133    Deny from All
134 </Directory>
135

systemctl restart httpd

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">

Order Allow,Deny

Allow from All

Deny from 192.168.0.10

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 
<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
   Order Deny,Allow
   Allow from All
   Deny from 172.25.37.5
</Directory>

 systemctl restart httpd

②基于用户认证

vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 
<Directory "/var/www/html/westos">

  AuthUserfile /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile ##指定认证文件

  AuthName "Please input your name and password" ##认证提示语

  AuthType basic ##认证类型

  Require user admin ##允许通过的认证用户 2选1

# Require valid-user ##允许所有用户通过认证 2选1

</Directory>

htpasswd -cm /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile admin ##生成认证文件

[root@vg1 westos]# htpasswd -cm /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile admin 
New password: 
Re-type new password: 
Adding password for user admin
[root@vg1 westos]# cat /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile
admin:$apr1$YZH86G3.$HUV.d3qspg17J51uGZNw6/
[root@vg1 westos]# htpasswd -m /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile lee
New password: 
Re-type new password: 
Adding password for user lee
[root@vg1 westos]# cat /etc/httpd/htpasswdfile
admin:$apr1$YZH86G3.$HUV.d3qspg17J51uGZNw6/
lee:$apr1$NWCmbrqa$6Zci8Rhxat2HYokHCmTmO.

注意： 当/etc/httpd/htpasswdfile存在那么在添加用户时不要加-c参数否则会覆盖源文件内容

7:Apache的虚拟主机

mkdir -p /var/www/westos.com/{news,wenku}

echo "wenku's page" >/var/www/westos.com/wenku/index.html

echo "news's page" > /var/www/westos.com/news/index.html

vim /etc/httpd/Vhost.conf

<VirtualHost _default_:80>
  DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
  CustomLog logs/default.log combined
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
  ServerName wenku.westos.com
  DocumentRoot "/var/www/westos.com/wenku"
  CustomLog logs/wenku.log combined
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost*:80>
  ServerName news.westos.com
  DocumentRoot "/var/www/westos.com/news"
  CustomLog logs/news.log combined
</VirtualHost>

  1. <VirtualHost *:80> *表示必须指定名字

  2. ServerName wenku.westos.com ##服务名

  3. DocumentRoot /var/www/westos.com/news ##文件发布目录

  4. CustomLog logs/news.log combined ##所有日志结合起来

  5. </VirtualHost>

测试：

在浏览器所在主机中

vim /etc/hosts

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
172.25.37.9 www.westos.com wenku.westos.ocm news.westos.com

firefox http://www.westos.com

firefox http://wenku.westos.com

firefox http://news.westos.com

8:Apache的语言支持

#php#

  vim /var/www/html/index.php

root@vg1 ~]# vim /var/www/html/index.php
<?php
     phpinfo();
?>

  yum install php -y

[root@vg1 ~]# yum install php -y
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package php.x86_64 0:5.4.16-46.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.4.16-46.el7 for package: php-5.4.16-46.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: php-cli(x86-64) = 5.4.16-46.el7 for package: php-5.4.16-46.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package php-cli.x86_64 0:5.4.16-46.el7 will be installed
---> Package php-common.x86_64 0:5.4.16-46.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libzip.so.2()(64bit) for package: php-common-5.4.16-46.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libzip.x86_64 0:0.10.1-8.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================
 Package             Arch            Version                Repository    Size
===============================================================================
Installing:
 php                 x86_64          5.4.16-46.el7          dvd          1.4 M
Installing for dependencies:
 libzip              x86_64          0.10.1-8.el7           dvd           49 k
 php-cli             x86_64          5.4.16-46.el7          dvd          2.7 M
 php-common          x86_64          5.4.16-46.el7          dvd          565 k

Transaction Summary
===============================================================================
Install  1 Package (+3 Dependent packages)

Total download size: 4.7 M

  systemctl restart httpd

[root@vg1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd.service 
[root@vg1 ~]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d
[root@vg1 conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf  php.conf  README  userdir.conf  welcome.conf

  firefox http://192.168.0.11/index.php

#cgi#

  mkdir /var/www/html/cgidir

  vim /var/www/html/cgidir/index.cgi

[root@vg1 ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@vg1 heml]# mkdir cgidir
[root@vg1 heml]# cd cgidir
[root@vg1 cgidir]# vim index.cgi
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print `date`;
[root@vg1 cgidir]# chmod +x index.cgi

vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf

[root@vg1 cgidir]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf
<Directory "/var/www/html/cgidir">
   Options +ExecCGI
   AddHandler cgi-script.cgi
</Directory>

  systemctl restart httpd

  firefox http://192.168.0.11/cgidir/index.cgi

#wsgi#

yum install  -y mod_wsgi.x86_64

[root@vg1 yum.repos.d]# yum install -y mod_wsgi.x86_64
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mod_wsgi.x86_64 0:3.4-18.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

==================================================================================================================
 Package                     Arch                      Version                       Repository              Size
==================================================================================================================
Installing:
 mod_wsgi                    x86_64                    3.4-18.el7                    dvd                     77 k

Transaction Summary
==================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

systemctl restart httpd

书写wsgi的测试文件

vim /var/www/html/wsgi/index.wsgi

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /var/www/html/wsgi/index.wsgi
def application(env, westos):
westos('200 ok',[('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
return [b'hello westos ahhahahahah!']

vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost

<virtualHost *:80>
ServerName wsgi.westos.org
WSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/html/wsgi/index.wsgi
</VirtualHost>

systemctl restart httpd

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/hosts
172.25.37.9 www.westos.com wenku.westos.ocm news.westos.com  wsgi.westos.org login.westos.org

9:Apache的加密访问

##安装加密插件

 yum  install mod_ssl -y

[root@vg1 ~]#  yum  install mod_ssl -y
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mod_ssl.x86_64 1:2.4.6-88.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

==========================================================================================
 Package             Arch               Version                     Repository       Size
==========================================================================================
Installing:
 mod_ssl             x86_64             1:2.4.6-88.el7              dvd             111 k

Transaction Summary
==========================================================================================
Install  1 Package

 安装完之后有ssl.conf 文件生成

[root@vg1 ~]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d
[root@vg1 conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf  php.conf  README  ssl.conf  userdir.conf  vhost  vhost.conf  welcome.conf

##生成证书

##command 1

openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key 2048 #生成私钥

openssl    req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key \

            -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.csr ##生成证书签名文件

openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in \ /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.csr \   -signkey                        /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key \  -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt #生成证书

[root@vg1 conf.d]# openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
..............................................+++
........+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
[root@vg1 conf.d]# openssl    req -new -key /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key  -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:shannxi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:xi'an
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:westos
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.westos.org
Email Address []:linux@westos.org

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
[root@vg1 conf.d]# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.csr  -signkey /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt 
Signature ok
subject=/C=XX/L=Default City/O=Default Company Ltd
Getting Private key

An optional company name []:

x509 证书格式

-req 请求

-in 加载签证名称

##command 2

openssl req -newkey rsa:2048  -nodes -sha256 -keyout /etc/httpd/westos.org.key \

       -x509 -days 365 -out /etc/httpd/westos.org.crt

[root@vg1 ~]# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -sha256 -keyout /etc/httpd/westos.org.key -x509 -days 365 -out /etc/httpd/westos.org.crt
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
....................................+++
.........................................................+++
writing new private key to '/etc/httpd/westos.org.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:shannxi
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:xi'an
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:westos
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:linux
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.westos.org
Email Address []:linux@westos.org

vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf

[root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
            ServerName login.westos.com
            RewriteEngine on
            RewriteRule ^(/.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>
            ServerName login.westos.com
DocumentRoot "/www/westos.com/login"
CustomLog logs/login.log combined
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key
</VirtualHost>

systemctl restart httpd

^(/.*)$ ##客户地址栏中输入的地址

%{HTTP_HOST} ##客户主机

$1 ##RewriteRule后面跟的第一串字符的值

10:Squid+Apache

#squid 正向代理

# 实验环境:

   单网卡主机设定ip不能上网，双网卡主机设定ip1可以连接单网卡主机，设定ip2可以上网

实验效果：让单网卡主机不能上网但浏览器可以访问互联网页

操作：

     在双网卡主机中：

    yum  install squid -y

[root@vg1 ~]# yum install squid -y
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package squid.x86_64 7:3.5.20-12.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: perl(DBI) for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Data::Dumper) for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Digest::MD5) for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: squid-migration-script for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libecap.so.3()(64bit) for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libltdl.so.7()(64bit) for package: 7:squid-3.5.20-12.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package libecap.x86_64 0:1.0.0-1.el7 will be installed
---> Package libtool-ltdl.x86_64 0:2.4.2-22.el7_3 will be installed
---> Package perl-DBI.x86_64 0:1.627-4.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: perl(RPC::PlClient) >= 0.2000 for package: perl-DBI-1.627-4.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(RPC::PlServer) >= 0.2001 for package: perl-DBI-1.627-4.el7.x86_64
---> Package perl-Data-Dumper.x86_64 0:2.145-3.el7 will be installed
---> Package perl-Digest-MD5.x86_64 0:2.52-3.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Digest::base) >= 1.00 for package: perl-Digest-MD5-2.52-3.el7.x86_64
---> Package squid-migration-script.x86_64 7:3.5.20-12.el7 will be installed
--> Running transaction check
---> Package perl-Digest.noarch 0:1.17-245.el7 will be installed
..........

vim /etc/squid/squid.conf

 [root@vg1 ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
 52 http_access allow localnet
 53 http_access allow localhost
 54 
 55 # And finally deny all other access to this proxy
 56 http_access allow all
 57 
 58 # Squid normally listens to port 3128
 59 http_port 3128
 60 
 61 # Uncomment and adjust the following to add a disk cache directory.
 62 cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256

systemctl restart squid

firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3128/tcp

firewall-cmd --reload

[root@vg1 ~]# systemctl restart squid
[root@vg1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3128/tcp
 success
[root@vg1 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
 success

在单网卡专辑中选择

NetWork Proxy

172.25.254.30 3128

测试：

在单网卡主机中

ping www.baidu.com 不通

在浏览器中访问www.baidu.com可以

#squid反向代理#

实验环境:

172.25.254.73   ##Apache服务器

172.25.254.200 ##squid，没有数据负责缓存

在200主机上vim /etc/squid/squid.conf

http_port 80 vhost vport ##vhost 支持虚拟域名 vport 支持虚拟端口

cache_peer 172.25.254.73 parent 80 0   proxy-only#当172.25.254.30的80端口被访问会从172.25.254.20的80端口缓存数据

[root@vg1 ~]#vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
# And finally deny all other access to this proxy
http_access allow all

# Squid normally listens to port 3128
http_port 80 vhost vport
cache peer 172.25.254.73 parent 80 0 proxy-only

systemctl restart squid

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