数据结构_哈希

哈希

关键:不比较关键码,直接搜索得到需要的数。
特点:与搜索树不一样,哈希结构元素的储存位置与关键码直接对应,可以不用进行比较遍历。
哈希001
如图,创建一个数组,把a[4]中的数据按特定的规则保存到相应的位置,比如a[i]%n,到时候搜索数据的时候可以按照同样的规律直接找到这个位置,如果这个位置有数,则存在。

哈希冲突

比如按照特定方式处理数据,不同数据处理得到的结果可能相同,这样就都指向同一个储存位置。
闭散列解决
存储时,如果该位置有数据,则往下一个位置保存,如果后面还有冲突,则一直往后面找,直到找到空处,保存下来。读取时,如果处理得到的位置有数据,但是不是想要的数,则一直往后面找,直到找到为止,如果遇到了空处还没找到,则没有保存过该数。
具体代码接口实现

#pragma once

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>


typedef int KeyType;
typedef int ValueType;


enum Status
{
    EMPTY,    //空 
    EXITS,    //存在
    DELETE,   //被删除
};

typedef struct HashNode
{
    KeyType _key;
    ValueType _value;
    enum Status _status;
}HashNode;

typedef struct HashTable
{
    HashNode* table;
    size_t _size;
    size_t N;
}HashTable;

size_t HashFunc(KeyType key, size_t N)    //算位置
{
    return key%N;
}

void HashTableInit(HashTable* ht)   //初始化
{
    assert(ht);

    ht->table = NULL;
    ht->_size = 0;
    ht->N = 0;
}

int HashTableInsert(HashTable* ht, KeyType key, ValueType value)    //插入
{
    assert(ht);

    size_t N = 53;
    size_t i = 1;
    int index = 0;
    int tail = 0;

    const int _PrimeSize = 28;

    static const unsigned long _PrimeList[28] =
    { 53ul, 97ul, 193ul, 389ul, 769ul, 1543ul, 3079ul, 6151ul,
    12289ul, 24593ul, 49157ul, 98317ul, 196613ul, 393241ul, 786433ul,
    1572869ul, 3145739ul, 6291469ul, 12582917ul, 25165843ul, 50331653ul, 100663319ul,
    201326611ul, 402653189ul, 805306457ul, 1610612741ul, 3221225473ul, 4294967291ul
    };


    if (ht->table == NULL)
    {
        ht->table = (HashNode*)malloc(sizeof(HashNode)*N);
        assert(ht->table);
        memset(ht->table, 0, N);
        index = HashFunc(key, N);
        ht->table[index]._key = key;
        ht->table[index]._value = value;
        ht->table[index]._status = EXITS;
        ht->_size = 1;
        ht->N = N;

        return 0;
    }

    tail = ((ht->_size) * 10 )/ (ht->N);
    if (tail >= 7)
    {
        while (tail >= 7 && i < _PrimeSize)
        {
            i = 1;
            N = _PrimeList[i];
            i++;
            tail = (ht->_size) * 10 % N;
        }
        HashNode* NewTable = (HashNode*)malloc(sizeof(HashNode)*N);
        assert(NewTable);
        memset(NewTable, 0, N);

        for (i = 0; i < ht->N; i++)
        {
            if (ht->table[i]._status != EMPTY)   //需复制位置不为空
            {
                index = HashFunc(ht->table[i]._key, N);
                while (NewTable[index]._status != EMPTY)  //复制到的位置不为空
                {
                    index++;
                    if (index == N)
                        index = 0;
                }
                NewTable[index]._key = ht->table[i]._key;
                NewTable[index]._value = ht->table[i]._value;
                NewTable[index]._status = ht->table[i]._status;
            }
        }
        free(ht->table);
        ht->table = NewTable;
        ht->N = N;
    }

    index = HashFunc(key, ht->N);
    while (ht->table[index]._status == EXITS)
    {
        if (ht->table[index]._key == key)
            return -1;
        index++;
        if (index == N)
            index = 0;
    }
    ht->table[index]._key = key;
    ht->table[index]._value = value;
    ht->table[index]._status = EXITS;
    ht->_size++;

    return 0;
}

HashNode* HashTableFind(HashTable* ht, KeyType key)   //寻找
{
    assert(ht);

    int index = HashFunc(key, ht->N);
    while (ht->table[index]._status != EMPTY)  //不为空
    {
        if (ht->table[index]._key == key)
            return &(ht->table[index]);
        index++;
    }
    return NULL;
}

int HashTableRemove(HashTable* ht, KeyType key)
{
    assert(ht);

    HashNode* node = HashTableFind(ht, key);
    if (node != NULL)
    {
        node->_status = DELETE;
        ht->_size--;
        return 0;
    }
    else
        return -1;
}

//static size_t BKDRHash(const char* str);


void HashTableDestory(HashTable* ht)
{
    assert(ht);

    free(ht->table);
    ht->table = NULL;
    ht->_size = 0;
    ht->N = 0;
}

void HashTablePrintf(HashTable* ht)
{
    assert(ht);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < ht->N; i++)
    {
        if (ht->table[i]._status == EXITS)  //存在
        {
            printf("[%d]%d ",i, ht->table[i]._key);
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}

开散列解决
给一个指针数组开拓一块空间,每个元素是一个指向结点的指针,每个结点都可以保存数据,有哈希冲突的数据直接挂在这个结点的下面,就像单链表一样。这样比闭散列更节约空间。
哈希002

具体代码接口实现

#pragma once

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>

typedef int KeyType;
typedef int ValueType;

typedef struct HashNode
{
    KeyType _key;
    ValueType _value;
    struct HashNode* _next;
}HashNode;

typedef struct HashTable
{
    //HashNode** _tables; 
    HashNode** _tables;
    size_t _size;
    size_t _N;
}HashTable;

HashNode* BuyHashNode(KeyType key, ValueType value)   //创建结点
{
    HashNode* cur = (HashNode*)malloc(sizeof(HashNode));
    cur->_key = key;
    cur->_value = value;
    cur->_next = NULL;

    return cur;
}

size_t HashFunc(KeyType key, size_t N)    //计算位置
{
    return key%N;
}

size_t GetNextPrimeNum(size_t cur);


void HashTableInit(HashTable* ht)
{
    assert(ht);

    ht->_N = 0;
    ht->_size = 0;
    ht->_tables = NULL;
}

int HashTableInsert(HashTable* ht, KeyType key, ValueType value)
{
    assert(ht);

    int tail = 0;
    size_t index = 0;
    size_t i = 0;
    size_t N = 0;
    HashNode** table = ht->_tables;

    const int _PrimeSize = 28;
    static const unsigned long _PrimeList[28] =
    { 53ul, 97ul, 193ul, 389ul, 769ul, 1543ul, 3079ul, 6151ul,
    12289ul, 24593ul, 49157ul, 98317ul, 196613ul, 393241ul, 786433ul,
    1572869ul, 3145739ul, 6291469ul, 12582917ul, 25165843ul, 50331653ul, 100663319ul,
    201326611ul, 402653189ul, 805306457ul, 1610612741ul, 3221225473ul, 4294967291ul
    };


    if (table == NULL)
    {
        i = 0;
        ht->_tables = (HashNode**)malloc(sizeof(HashNode*)*_PrimeList[i]);
        assert(ht->_tables);
        ht->_N = _PrimeList[i];
        for (i = 0; i < ht->_N; i++)
        {
            ht->_tables[i] = NULL;
        }
        index = HashFunc(key, ht->_N);
        ht->_tables[index] = BuyHashNode(key, value);
        return 0;
    }
    tail = (ht->_size+1)/ (ht->_N);
    if (tail == 1)                 //判满扩容
    {
        i = 0;
        while (tail >= 1)
        {
            i++;
            N = _PrimeList[i];
            tail = (ht->_size + 1) / N;
        }
        HashNode** NewTable = (HashNode**)malloc(sizeof(HashNode*)*N);
        for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
        {
            NewTable[i] = NULL;
        }
        assert(NewTable);

        for (i = 0; i < ht->_N; i++)   //把旧表的数据复制到新表
        {
            while (table[i] != NULL)    //判断表的每个位置是否有数据,有就复制
            {
                HashNode* cur = table[i];
                HashNode* next = cur->_next;
                cur->_next = NULL;
                table[i] = next;

                index = HashFunc(cur->_key, N);
                next = NewTable[index];
                if (next != NULL)
                {
                    while (next->_next != NULL)
                    {
                        next = next->_next;
                    }
                    next->_next = cur;
                }
                else
                    NewTable[index] = cur;
            }
        }   //for循环终止
        free(table);
        table = NULL;
        ht->_tables = NewTable;
        ht->_N = N;
    }       //扩容结束

    index = HashFunc(key, ht->_N);    //开始插入
    if (ht->_tables[index] != NULL)
    {
        HashNode* cur = ht->_tables[index];
        if (cur->_key == key)
            return -1;
        while (cur->_next != NULL)
        {
            cur = cur->_next;
            if (cur->_key == key)
                return -1;
        }
        cur->_next = BuyHashNode(key, value);
    }
    else
        ht->_tables[index] = BuyHashNode(key, value);

    return 0;

}



HashNode* HashTableFind(HashTable* ht, KeyType key)
{
    assert(ht);
    int index = 0;
    HashNode* cur = NULL;
    if (ht->_tables == NULL)
        return NULL;
    index = HashFunc(key, ht->_N);
    cur = ht->_tables[index];
    while (cur != NULL)
    {
        if (cur->_key == key)
            return cur;
        cur = cur->_next;
    }
    return NULL;
}

int HashTableRemove(HashTable* ht, KeyType key)
{
    assert(ht);

    HashNode* cur = HashTableFind(ht, key);
    HashNode* next = NULL;
    if (cur == NULL)
        return -1;

    next = cur->_next;
    if (next != NULL)
    {
        cur->_key = next->_key;
        cur->_value = next->_value;
        cur->_next = next->_next;
    }
    else
    {
        int index = HashFunc(key,ht->_N);
        HashNode* parent = ht->_tables[index];
        if (parent == cur)
        {
            ht->_tables[index] = NULL;
        }

        else
        {
            while (parent->_next != cur)
            {
                parent = parent->_next;
            }
            parent->_next = NULL;
        }
        free(cur);
    }
    return 0;
}

void HashTableDestory(HashTable* ht)
{
    assert(ht);

    HashNode* cur = NULL;
    size_t i = 0;
    if (ht->_size == 0)
        return;
    for (i; i < ht->_N; i++)
    {
        cur = ht->_tables[i];
        if (cur != NULL)
        {
            while (cur == NULL)
            {
                HashNode* next = cur->_next;
                free(cur);
                cur = next;
            }
        }
    }
    free(ht->_tables);
    ht->_tables = NULL;
    ht->_N = 0;
    ht->_size = 0;
}

void HashPrint(HashTable* ht)
{
    assert(ht);

    size_t i = 0;
    HashNode* cur = NULL;
    if (ht->_tables == NULL)
        return;
    for (i = 0; i < ht->_N; i++)
    {
        if (ht->_tables[i] != NULL)
        {
            int j = 0;
            cur = ht->_tables[i];
            while (cur != NULL)
            {
                printf("[%d][%d]%d ", i, j, cur->_key);
                cur = cur->_next;
            }
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
}
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