Oracle里常用命令(各种对象的操作与设置命令)

  

Oracle 里常用命令

(各种对象的操作与设置命令)

第一章：日志管理

1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;

3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:/oracle/oradb/log');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:/oracle/oradb/log/oradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:/oracle/oradata/file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/user_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:/oracle/oradata/temp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);

5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;

7.droping tablespac e
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf' resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf';

第三章：表

1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]

2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引

1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);

2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章：约束

1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;

5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;

第六章： LOAD 数据

1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;

2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;

3.using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger /
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl /
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true

第七章： reorganizing data

1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:/emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y

2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y

3.transporting a tablespace
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;

4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表 transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为 true 是， 表示自包含

第八章： managing password security and resources

1.controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;

2.user_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean

3.create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;

4.altering a profile
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;

5.drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];

6.create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;

7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles

8. enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;

第九章： Managing users

1.create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];

2.change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;

3.drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];

4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas

第十章： managing privileges

1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs

2.grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;

3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until

4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users

5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema

6.revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;

7.grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;

8.display objectprivilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs

9.revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];

10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$

11. protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;

12.statement auditing
sql> audit user;

13.privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;

14.schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;

15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts

16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement

第十一章： manager role

1.create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;

2.modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;

3.assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;

4.establish default role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;

5.enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;

6.remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;

7.remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;

8.display role information
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles

第十二章 : BACKUP and RECOVERY

1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat

2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size

3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions

4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup

5.restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
> alter database open;

6.recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
>recover database;
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
>alter database

recover database;
--recover an opened database
>recover tablespace user_data;
>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;

7.how to apply redo log files automatically
>set autorecovery on
>recover automatic datafile 4;

8.complete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf;
>alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:/backup/user.dbf d:/oradata/user.dbf
>alter database rename file 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' to 'd:/oradata/user.dbf'
>recover datafile 'e:/oradata/user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile 'd:/oradata/user.dbf' as 'c:/oradata/user.dbf''
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;

9.clearing redo log file
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;

10.redo log recovery
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:/oradata/redo03.log' size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;
or >cp c:/oradata/redo02.log' c:/oradata/redo01.log
>alter database clear logfile 'c:/oradata/log01.log';

1. 删除表的注意事项
在删除一个表中的全部数据时，须使用TRUNCATE TABLE 表名;因为用DROP TABLE，DELETE * FROM 表名时，TABLESPACE表空间该表的占用空间并未释放，反复几次DROP，DELETE操作后，该TABLESPACE上百兆的空间就被耗光了。

2.having 子句的用法
　　having 子句对 group by 子句所确定的行组进行控制,having 子句条件中只允许涉及常量,聚组函数或group by 子句中的列.

3.外部联接"+"的用法
　　外部联接"+"按其在"="的左边或右边分左联接和右联接.若不带"+"运算符的表中的一个行不直接匹配于带"+"预算符的表中的任何行,则前者的行与后者中的一个空行相匹配并被返回.若二者均不带’+’,则二者中无法匹配的均被返回.利用外部联接"+",可以替代效率十分低下的 not in 运算,大大提高运行速度.例如,下面这条命令执行起来很慢

用外联接提高表连接的查询速度
在作表连接(常用于视图)时，常使用以下方法来查询数据:
SELECT PAY_NO, PROJECT_NAME
FROM A
WHERE A.PAY_NO NOT IN (SELECT PAY_
NO FROM B WHERE VALUE >=120000);
---- 但是若表A有10000条记录，表B有10000条记录，则要用掉30分钟才能查完，主要因为NOT IN要进行一条一条的比较，共需要10000*10000次比较后，才能得到结果。该用外联接后，可以缩短到1分左右的时间:
SELECT PAY_NO,PROJECT_NAME
FROM A,B
WHERE A.PAY_NO=B.PAY_NO(+)
AND B.PAY_NO IS NULL
AND B.VALUE >=12000;


4.set transaction 命令的用法
在执行大事务时,有时oracle会报出如下的错误:
ORA-01555:snapshot too old (rollback segment too small)
　　这说明oracle给此事务随机分配的回滚段太小了,这时可以为它指定一个足够大的回滚段,以确保这个事务的成功执行.例如

set transaction use rollback segment roll_abc;
delete from table_name where ...
commit;
　　回滚段roll_abc被指定给这个delete事务,commit命令则在事务结束之后取消了回滚段的指定.


5.数据库重建应注意的问?

　　在利用import进行数据库重建过程中,有些视图可能会带来问题,因为结构输入的顺序可能造成视图的输入先于它低层次表的输入,这样建立视图就会失败.要解决这一问题,可采取分两步走的方法:首先输入结构,然后输入数据.命令举例如下 (uesrname:jfcl,password:hfjf,host sting:ora1,数据文件:expdata.dmp):

imp jfcl/hfjf@ora1 file=empdata.dmp rows=N

imp jfcl/hfjf@ora1 file=empdata.dmp full=Y buffer=64000

commit=Y ignore=Y

　　第一条命令输入所有数据库结构,但无记录.第二次输入结构和数据,64000字节提交一次.ignore=Y选项保证第二次输入既使对象存在的情况下也能成功.

select a.empno from emp a where a.empno not in

(select empno from emp1 where job=’SALE’);

　　倘若利用外部联接,改写命令如下:

select a.empno from emp a ,emp1 b

where a.empno=b.empno(+)

and b.empno is null

and b.job=’SALE’;

　　可以发现,运行速度明显提高.


6.从已知表新建另一个表：
CREATE TABLE b
AS SELECT * (可以是表a中的几列)
FROM a
WHERE a.column = ...;


7.查找、删除重复记录:

法一: 用Group by语句 此查找很快的
select count(num), max(name) from student --查找表中num列重复的，列出重复的记录数，并列出他的name属性
group by num
having count(num) >1 --按num分组后找出表中num列重复，即出现次数大于一次

delete from student(上面Select的)
这样的话就把所有重复的都删除了。-----慎重

法二:当表比较大(例如10万条以上)时,这个方法的效率之差令人无法忍受,需要另想办法:
---- 执行下面SQL语句后就可以显示所有DRAWING和DSNO相同且重复的记录
SELECT * FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB
WHERE ROWID!=(SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB D --D相当于First,Second
WHERE EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DRAWING=D.DRAWING AND
EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DSNO=D.DSNO);

---- 执行下面SQL语句后就可以刪除所有DRAWING和DSNO相同且重复的记录
DELETE FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB
WHERE ROWID!=(SELECT MAX(ROWID) FROM EM5_PIPE_PREFAB D
WHERE EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DRAWING=D.DRAWING AND
EM5_PIPE_PREFAB.DSNO=D.DSNO);

8.返回表中[N，M]条记录：

取得某列中第N大的行
select column_name from
(select table_name.*,dense_rank() over (order by column desc) rank from table_name)
where rank = &N；

　假如要返回前5条记录：
　　select * from tablename where rownum<6;(或是rownum <= 5 或是rownum != 6)
假如要返回第5-9条记录：
select * from tablename
where …
and rownum<10
minus
select * from tablename
where …
and rownum<５
order by name
　选出结果后用name排序显示结果。(先选再排序)

注意：只能用以上符号(<、<=、!=)。
select * from tablename where rownum != 10;返回的是前９条记录。
不能用：>,>=,=,Between...and。由于rownum是一个总是从1开始的伪列，Oracle 认为这种条件 不成立，查不到记录.

另外，这个方法更快：
select * from (
select rownum r,a from yourtable
where rownum <= 20
order by name )
where r > 10
这样取出第11-20条记录!(先选再排序再选)
要先排序再选则须用select嵌套：内层排序外层选。

rownum是随着结果集生成的，一旦生成，就不会变化了；同时,生成的结果是依次递加的，没有1就永远不会有2!
rownum 是在 查询集合产生的过程中产生的伪列，并且如果where条件中存在 rownum 条件的话，则:
1： 假如 判定条件是常量，则：
只能 rownum = 1, <= 大于1 的自然数， = 大于1 的数是没有结果的， 大于一个数也是没有结果的
即 当出现一个 rownum 不满足条件的时候则 查询结束 　　this is stop key!
2: 当判定值不是常量的时候
若条件是 = var , 则只有当 var 为1 的时候才满足条件，这个时候不存在 stop key ,必须进行 full scan ,对每个满足其他where条件的数据进行判定
选出一行后才能去选rownum=2的行……


9.快速编译所有视图

---- 当在把数据库倒入到新的服务器上后(数据库重建)，需要将视图重新编译一遍，因为该表空间视图到其它表空间的表的连接会出现问题，可以利用PL/SQL的语言特性，快速编译。
SQL >SPOOL ON.SQL
SQL >SELECT ‘ALTER VIEW ‘||TNAME||’
COMPILE;’ FROM TAB;
SQL >SPOOL OFF
然后执行ON.SQL即可。
SQL >@ON.SQL
当然，授权和创建同义词也可以快速进行，如：
SQL >SELECT ‘GRANT SELECT ON ’
||TNAME||’ TO USERNAME;’ FROM TAB;
SQL >SELECT ‘CREATE SYNONYM
‘||TNAME||’ FOR USERNAME.’||TNAME||’;’ FROM TAB;