python中的实例方法、静态方法、类方法、类变量和实例变量
class MyTest:
myname = 'peter'
# add a instance attribute
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
# class access class attribute
def sayhello(self):
print "say hello to %s" % MyTest.myname
# instance can access class attribute
def sayhello_1(self):
print "say hello to %s" % self.myname
# It's a snap! instance can access instance attribute
def sayhello_2(self):
print "say hello to %s" % self.name
# class can not access instance attribute!!!
def sayhello_3(self):
#print "say hello to %s" % MyTest.name
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
test = MyTest("abc")
test.sayhello()
test.sayhello_1()
test.sayhello_2()
test.sayhello_3()
# class's definition can be changed dynamically
MyTest.yourname = "Allen"
print MyTest.myname
print MyTest.yourname
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class Foo:
def func(self):
print "object method"
@classmethod
def cfunc(cls):
print "class method"
@staticmethod
def sfunc(a, b):
print "static method:", a, " + ", b, "=", a + b
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
# instance method can be called by object and class name
foo.func()
Foo.func(foo)
# both instance and class can call class method
foo.cfunc()
Foo.cfunc()
# both instance and class can call static method
Foo.sfunc(10, 20)
foo.sfunc(50, 100)
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注:使用的是Python2.7。
一、实例方法
实例方法就是类的实例能够使用的方法。如下:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def hi(self):
print self.name
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo('letian')
foo01.hi()
print type(Foo)
print type(foo01)
print id(foo01)
print id(Foo)
<type 'classobj'>
<type 'instance'>
40124704
31323448[code]
可以看到,Foo的type为classobj(类对象,python中定义的类本身也是对象),foo01的type为instance(实例)。而hi()是实例方法,所以foo01.hi()会输出'letian'。实例方法的第一个参数默认为self,代指实例。self不是一个关键字,而是约定的写法。init()是生成实例时默认调用的实例方法。将Foo的定义改为以下形式:
class Foo:
def __init__(this, name):
this.name = name
def hi(here):
print here.name
运行依然正确。 内置函数id用来查看对象的标识符,下面是其doc内容:
id(object) -> integer
Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among
simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)
二、静态方法
静态方法是一种普通函数,就位于类定义的命名空间中,它不会对任何实例类型进行操作。使用装饰器@staticmethod定义静态方法。类对象和实例都可以调用静态方法:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def hi(self):
print self.name
@staticmethod
def add(a, b):
print a + b
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo('letian')
foo01.hi()
foo01.add(1,2)
Foo.add(1, 2)
3
3
三、类方法
类方法是将类本身作为对象进行操作的方法。类方法使用@classmethod装饰器定义,其第一个参数是类,约定写为cls。类对象和实例都可以调用类方法:
name = 'letian '
@classmethod
def hi(cls, x):
print cls.name * x
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo01 = Foo()
foo01.hi(2)
Foo.hi(3)
运行结果如下:
letian letian letian
注意,很多其他的编程语言不允许实例调用类方法。
四、super
super用来执行父类中的函数,例如:
def hi(self):
print 'hi,Foo'
class Foo2(Foo):
def hi(self):
super(Foo2, self).hi()
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
foo2.hi()
运行结果:
注意,Foo类必须继承某个类(并且这个继承链开始于object类),否则会报错。如果改成下面的形式:
def hi(self):
print 'hi,Foo'
class Foo2(Foo):
def hi(self):
super(Foo2, self).hi()
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
foo2.hi()
运行时报错如下:
TypeError: must be type, not classobj
关于super,具体请见http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html?highlight=super#super以及super.doc。
五、类变量和实例变量
类变量定义在类的定义之后,实例变量则是以为self.开头。例如:
val = 0
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
print foo.val
print Foo.val
运行结果为:
0
实例也能够访问类变量,如下:
val = 0
def __init__(self):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
print foo.val
print Foo.val
运行结果如下:
0
另外,可以通过以下方式访问类变量:
val = 3
def __init__(self):
print self.__class__.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()
运行结果:
还可以这样:
val = 3
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def echo(cls):
print cls.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
Foo.echo()
运行结果:
六、如何调用父类的构造函数
子类(派生类)并不会自动调用父类(基类)的init方法,例如:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
运行时报错。
调用父类的init方法有两种,第一种:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
Foo.__init__(self) //类调用实例方法时,需要传入self指代的实例
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
第二种:
def __init__(self):
self.val = 1
class Foo2(Foo):
def __init__(self):
super(Foo2, self).__init__()
print self.val
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo2 = Foo2()
这两种方法的运行结果均为:
不过这两种方法是有区别的。