Docker(三)：使用镜像

镜像是创建Docker容器的基础。

一，获取镜像

命令docker pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST]从指定的NAME镜像仓库下载标签为TAG的镜像。

• 如果不显式指定TAG，则默认会选择latest标签
• OPTIONS中：-a，–all-tags=true|false：是否获取仓库中的所有镜像，默认为否；–disable-content-trust：取消镜像的内容校验，默认为真。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker pull ubuntu:18.04
18.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu
f22ccc0b8772: Pulling fs layer                                                                                          3cf8fb62ba5f: Downloading                                                                                               e80c964ece6a: Download complete                                                                                         18.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu
f22ccc0b8772: Pull complete                                                                                             3cf8fb62ba5f: Pull complete                                                                                             e80c964ece6a: Pull complete                                                                                             Digest: sha256:fd25e706f3dea2a5ff705dbc3353cf37f08307798f3e360a13e9385840f73fb3
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:18.04
docker.io/library/ubuntu:18.04

• docker pull ubuntu：18.04命令相当于docker pull registry.hub.docker.com/ubuntu：18.04命令，即从默认的注册服务器Docker Hub Registry中的ubuntu仓库来下载标记为18.04的镜像。
• 如果从非官方的仓库下载，则需要在仓库名称前指定完整的仓库地址，例如docker pull hub.c.163.com/public/ubuntu:18.04

下载镜像到本地后，即可随时使用该镜像了，例如利用该镜像创建一个容器：

root@DangFuLin:~# docker run -it ubuntu:18.04 bash
root@233c5bac692d:/# echo "hello world!"
hello world!

二，查看镜像信息

1.使用images命令列出镜像

命令docker images或docker image ls可以列出本地主机上已有镜像的基本信息。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB

• REPOSITORY：来源仓库
• TAG：标签信息
• IMAGE ID：镜像ID，唯一标识镜像
• CREATED：镜像最后的更新时间
• SIZE：该镜像的逻辑体积大小

完整命令docker images [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
命令中的OPTIONS：

• -a，–all=true|false：列出所有（包括临时文件）镜像文件，默认为否；
• –digests=true|false：列出镜像的数字摘要值，默认为否；
• -f，–filter=[]：过滤列出的镜像，如dangling=true只显示没有被使用的镜像；也可指定带有特定标注的镜像等；
• –format=“TEMPLATE”：控制输出格式，如.ID代表ID信息，.Repository代表仓库信息等；
• –no-trunc=true|false：对输出结果中太长的部分是否进行截断，如镜像的ID信息，默认为是；
• -q，–quiet=true|false：仅输出ID信息，默认为否。

2.使用tag命令添加镜像标签

命令docker tag可以给镜像创建别名。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu       latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB

root@DangFuLin:~# docker tag ubuntu:latest myubuntu:latest
root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu       latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
myubuntu     latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB

多出来的myubuntu的IMAGE ID与ubuntu的是相同的，它们是同一个文件。

3.使用inspect命令查看详细信息

命令docker inspect可以获取该镜像的详细信息。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker inspect ubuntu:18.04
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:2c047404e52d7f17bdac4121a13cd844447b74e13063f8cb8f8b314467feed06",
        "RepoTags": [
            "ubuntu:18.04"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "ubuntu@sha256:fd25e706f3dea2a5ff705dbc3353cf37f08307798f3e360a13e9385840f73fb3"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2020-11-25T22:25:17.102901455Z",
        "Container": "360f37005f8aa084aa4a0de8a51b991a359599a40637783b3ceb0ffbe3a78d71",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "360f37005f8a",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) ",
                "CMD [\"/bin/bash\"]"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:344b5f1fe8bc116302d6e8fc9d3bdf85f02c01ac55ec9225972319e54ed46f5a",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {}
        },
        "DockerVersion": "19.03.12",
        "Author": "",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/bash"
            ],
            "Image": "sha256:344b5f1fe8bc116302d6e8fc9d3bdf85f02c01ac55ec9225972319e54ed46f5a",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": null
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 63252300,
        "VirtualSize": 63252300,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/8db0edc7861b538a17e7527bf37e2a9833393600bb4ad10b5d376d809c638748/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e9c1cddcef62892920c99a1daaf1d7d653f1b87988d4d617cb6880af382547f0/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/54f1c27e6790b7170f48324263354f058eb56825fbe52a43897fe75b9f046556/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/54f1c27e6790b7170f48324263354f058eb56825fbe52a43897fe75b9f046556/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/54f1c27e6790b7170f48324263354f058eb56825fbe52a43897fe75b9f046556/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "RootFS": {
            "Type": "layers",
            "Layers": [
                "sha256:b43408d5f11b7b2faf048ae4eb25c296536c571fb2f937b4f1c3883386e93d64",
                "sha256:23135df75b44a66efa9d8dc1a10051768c27bd95388f436eb9553e0eb17211f6",
                "sha256:fe6d8881187d429af3f636c574911690455825998c9f366e985eab646665e711"
            ]
        },
        "Metadata": {
            "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        }
    }
]

4.使用history命令查看镜像历史

命令docker history列出镜像各层的创建信息。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker history ubuntu:18.04
IMAGE          CREATED       CREATED BY                                      SIZE      COMMENT
2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["/bin/bash"]            0B
<missing>      3 weeks ago   /bin/sh -c mkdir -p /run/systemd && echo 'do…   7B
<missing>      3 weeks ago   /bin/sh -c [ -z "$(apt-get indextargets)" ]     0B
<missing>      3 weeks ago   /bin/sh -c set -xe   && echo '#!/bin/sh' > /…   745B
<missing>      3 weeks ago   /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:6ef542de9959c3061…   63.3MB

三，搜索镜像

命令docker search [OPTIONS] TERM可以搜索Docker Hub官方仓库中的镜像。
其中OPTIONS：

• -f，–filter filter：过滤输出内容；
• –format string：格式化输出内容；
• –limit int：限制输出结果个数，默认为25个；
• –no-trunc：不截断输出结果。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker search --filter=is-official=true nginx
NAME      DESCRIPTION                STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
nginx     Official build of Nginx.   14163     [OK]

root@DangFuLin:~# docker search --filter=stars=4 tensorflow
NAME                             DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
tensorflow/tensorflow            Official Docker images for the machine learn…   1813
jupyter/tensorflow-notebook      Jupyter Notebook Scientific Python Stack w/ …   249
tensorflow/serving               Official images for TensorFlow Serving (http…   103
rocm/tensorflow                  Tensorflow with ROCm backend support            58
xblaster/tensorflow-jupyter      Dockerized Jupyter with tensorflow              54                   [OK]
floydhub/tensorflow              tensorflow                                      26                   [OK]
bitnami/tensorflow-serving       Bitnami Docker Image for TensorFlow Serving     14                   [OK]
opensciencegrid/tensorflow-gpu   TensorFlow GPU set up for OSG                   12
emacski/tensorflow-serving       Project images from https://github.com/emacs…   9
ibmcom/tensorflow-ppc64le        Community supported ppc64le docker images fo…   5
tensorflow/tf_grpc_test_server   Testing server for GRPC-based distributed ru…   4

四，删除和清理镜像

1.使用标签删除镜像

命令docker rmi [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]可以删除镜像。
其中OPTIONS：

• -f，-force：强制删除镜像，即使有容器依赖它；
• -no-prune：不要清理未带标签的父镜像。

其中[IMAGE...]：

• 为标签或ID

这个命令会先尝试删除所有指向该镜像的标签，然后删除该镜像文件本身。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
myubuntu     latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
ubuntu       latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB
root@DangFuLin:~# docker rmi myubuntu:latest
Untagged: myubuntu:latest
root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu       latest    f643c72bc252   3 weeks ago   72.9MB
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB

如果删除只有一个标签的镜像，会删除这个镜像文件的所有文件层：

root@DangFuLin:~# docker rmi ubuntu:latest
Untagged: ubuntu:latest
Untagged: ubuntu@sha256:c95a8e48bf88e9849f3e0f723d9f49fa12c5a00cfc6e60d2bc99d87555295e4c
Deleted: sha256:f643c72bc25212974c16f3348b3a898b1ec1eb13ec1539e10a103e6e217eb2f1
Deleted: sha256:9386795d450ce06c6819c8bc5eff8daa71d47ccb9f9fb8d49fe1ccfb5fb3edbe
Deleted: sha256:3779241fda7b1caf03964626c3503e930f2f19a5ffaba6f4b4ad21fd38df3b6b
Deleted: sha256:bacd3af13903e13a43fe87b6944acd1ff21024132aad6e74b4452d984fb1a99a

当有该镜像创建的容器存在时，镜像文件默认是无法被删除的。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker rmi ubuntu:latest
Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to remove repository reference "ubuntu:latest" (must force) - container d84ced51ceab is using its referenced image f643c72bc252

root@DangFuLin:~# docker ps -a #查看所有容器
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED          STATUS                        PORTS     NAMES
d84ced51ceab   ubuntu         "/bin/bash"   9 minutes ago    Exited (127) 8 minutes ago              peaceful_chatterjee
233c5bac692d   ubuntu:18.04   "bash"        16 minutes ago   Exited (127) 12 minutes ago             modest_hofstadter

虽然可以通过-f参数来强制删除一个存在容器依赖的镜像，但并不推荐。

2.使用镜像ID来删除镜像

针对上面 -f 解决的问题，正确的做法是，先删除依赖该镜像的所有容器，再来删除镜像：

root@DangFuLin:~# docker rm d84ced51ceab
d84ced51ceab
root@DangFuLin:~# docker rmi ubuntu:latest
Untagged: ubuntu:latest
Untagged: ubuntu@sha256:c95a8e48bf88e9849f3e0f723d9f49fa12c5a00cfc6e60d2bc99d87555295e4c
Deleted: sha256:f643c72bc25212974c16f3348b3a898b1ec1eb13ec1539e10a103e6e217eb2f1
Deleted: sha256:9386795d450ce06c6819c8bc5eff8daa71d47ccb9f9fb8d49fe1ccfb5fb3edbe
Deleted: sha256:3779241fda7b1caf03964626c3503e930f2f19a5ffaba6f4b4ad21fd38df3b6b
Deleted: sha256:bacd3af13903e13a43fe87b6944acd1ff21024132aad6e74b4452d984fb1a99a

3.清理镜像

命令docker image prune [OPTIONS]自动清理临时的遗留镜像文件层，最后会提示释放的存储空间。
其中OPTIONS：

• -a，-all：删除所有无用镜像，不光是临时镜像；
• -filter filter：只清理符合给定过滤器的镜像；
• -f，-force：强制删除镜像，而不进行提示确认。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker image prune -f
Total reclaimed space: 0B

五，创建镜像

1.基于已有容器创建

命令docker commit [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
其中OPTIONS：

• -a，–author=""：作者信息；
• -c，–change=[]：提交的时候执行Dockerfile指令，包括CMD|ENTRYPOINT|ENV|EXPOSE|LABEL|ONBUILD|USER|VOLUME|WORKDIR等；
• -m，–message=""：提交消息；
• -p，–pause=true：提交时暂停容器运行。

root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago   63.3MB
root@DangFuLin:~# docker run -it ubuntu:18.04 /bin/bash
root@366bed9e2f94:/# touch test
root@366bed9e2f94:/# exit
exit

上面的docker run -it ubuntu:18.04 /bin/bash命令启动了一个镜像，这个容器的ID为366bed9e2f94，并在其中创建一个test空文件，之后退出。

然后我们再将发生了变化的容器用commit命令提交为一个新的镜像：

root@DangFuLin:~# docker commit -m "Added a new empty file: test" -a "xiaolu" 366bed9e2f94 test:0.1
sha256:b833128fee517d867d8dcf36b213543ff1b7b40443aa8a5d6f255ffa73cb4e6f
root@DangFuLin:~# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
test         0.1       b833128fee51   12 seconds ago   63.3MB
ubuntu       18.04     2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago      63.3MB

新创建镜像的ID为sha256:b833128fee517d867d8dcf36b213543ff1b7b40443aa8a5d6f255ffa73cb4e6f。

2.基于本地模板导入

命令docker import [OPTIONS] file|URL|- [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]直接从一个操作系统模板文件导入一个镜像。

例如从镜像归档文件my_ubuntu_v3.tar创建镜像，命名为runoob/ubuntu:v4

runoob@runoob:~$ docker import  my_ubuntu_v3.tar runoob/ubuntu:v4  
sha256:63ce4a6d6bc3fabb95dbd6c561404a309b7bdfc4e21c1d59fe9fe4299cbfea39

3.基于Dockerfile创建

基于Dockerfile创建是最常见的方式。
Dockerfile是一个文本文件，利用给定的指令描述基于某个父镜像创建新镜像的过程。

例如使用当前目录的 Dockerfile 创建镜像———基于debian：stretch-slim镜像安装Python3环境，构成一个新的python3镜像：

root@DangFuLin:~# ls -l
total 0
root@DangFuLin:~# mkdir mydf
root@DangFuLin:~# cd mydf
root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# ls -l
total 0

root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# vim dockerfile #编写dockerfile
root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# cat dockerfile
FROM debian:stretch-slim
LABEL version="1.0" maintainer="docker user <docker_user@github>"
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y python3 && \
    apt-get clean && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# docker build -t python:3 .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
Step 1/3 : FROM debian:stretch-slim
stretch-slim: Pulling from library/debian
e50c3c9ef5a2: Pull complete                                                                                             Digest: sha256:eb436e834ba416c45359aa0709febef17fdea65ab6a8f4db12016aa2fa63be0c
Status: Downloaded newer image for debian:stretch-slim
 ---> b87fae470195
Step 2/3 : LABEL version="1.0" maintainer="docker user <docker_user@github>"
 ---> Running in 1fb0c7f20d76
Removing intermediate container 1fb0c7f20d76
 ---> 15cb601a573f
Step 3/3 : RUN apt-get update &&     apt-get install -y python3 &&     apt-get clean &&     rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 ---> Running in 78016434fc0d
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Reading package lists...
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  bzip2 dh-python file libexpat1 libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2
  libpython3-stdlib libpython3.5-minimal libpython3.5-stdlib libreadline7
  libsqlite3-0 libssl1.1 mime-support python3-minimal python3.5
  python3.5-minimal readline-common xz-utils
Suggested packages:
  bzip2-doc libdpkg-perl python3-doc python3-tk python3-venv python3.5-venv
  python3.5-doc binutils binfmt-support readline-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bzip2 dh-python file libexpat1 libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2
  libpython3-stdlib libpython3.5-minimal libpython3.5-stdlib libreadline7
  libsqlite3-0 libssl1.1 mime-support python3 python3-minimal python3.5
  python3.5-minimal readline-common xz-utils
0 upgraded, 20 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Removing intermediate container 78016434fc0d
 ---> d16271847387
Successfully built d16271847387
Successfully tagged python:3
root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG            IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
python       3              d16271847387   36 seconds ago   95.2MB
test         0.1            b833128fee51   17 minutes ago   63.3MB
debian       stretch-slim   b87fae470195   6 days ago       55.3MB
ubuntu       18.04          2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago      63.3MB

六，导出和导入镜像

1.导出镜像

命令docker save [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]导出镜像到本地文件。
其中OPTIONS：

• -o :导出镜像到指定的文件中

例如，导出本地的ubuntu：18.04镜像为文件myubuntu18.04.tar

root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG            IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
python       3              d16271847387   5 minutes ago    95.2MB
test         0.1            b833128fee51   21 minutes ago   63.3MB
debian       stretch-slim   b87fae470195   6 days ago       55.3MB
ubuntu       18.04          2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago      63.3MB
root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# docker save -o myubuntu18.04.tar ubuntu:18.04
root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# ls -l
total 64120
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root      206 Dec 17 10:20 dockerfile
-rw------- 1 root root 65652224 Dec 17 10:32 myubuntu18.04.tar

2.导入镜像

命令docker load [OPTIONS]将镜像文件导入到本地镜像库。
其中OPTIONS：

• –input , -i : 指定导入的文件，代替 STDIN
• –quiet , -q : 精简输出信息

例如，将之前导出的tar文件再导入到本地镜像库：

root@DangFuLin:~/mydf# docker load -i myubuntu18.04.tar
Loaded image: ubuntu:18.04

七，上传镜像

命令docker push [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG]上传镜像到仓库，默认上传到Docker Hub官方仓库（需要使用docker login命令登录）。
其中OPTIONS：

• –disable-content-trust :忽略镜像的校验,默认开启

xiaolu@DangFuLin:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG            IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
python       3              d16271847387   37 minutes ago   95.2MB
test         0.1            b833128fee51   54 minutes ago   63.3MB
debian       stretch-slim   b87fae470195   6 days ago       55.3MB
ubuntu       18.04          2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago      63.3MB

xiaolu@DangFuLin:~$ docker tag python:3 dangfulin/dep_python:3

xiaolu@DangFuLin:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY             TAG            IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
dangfulin/dep_python   3              d16271847387   38 minutes ago   95.2MB
python                 3              d16271847387   38 minutes ago   95.2MB
test                   0.1            b833128fee51   55 minutes ago   63.3MB
debian                 stretch-slim   b87fae470195   6 days ago       55.3MB
ubuntu                 18.04          2c047404e52d   3 weeks ago      63.3MB
xiaolu@DangFuLin:~$ docker push dangfulin/dep_python:3
The push refers to repository [docker.io/dangfulin/dep_python]
a3fb15b84d48: Pushed                                                                                                    e4b1e8d0745b: Pushed                                                                                                    3: digest: sha256:d69f1fefe79345a210f61c9813fb0dbf9bf1aee3b4182a0c071e6a34b60eb3da size: 741

成功push: