asp.net三层架构详解

一、数据库

/* ============================================================== */
/* DBMS name:      Microsoft SQL Server 2000                    */
/* ============================================================== */


if exists ( select 1
            from sysobjects
           where id = object_id( ' newsContent ')
            and   type = ' U ')
   drop table newsContent
go


/* ============================================================== */
/* Table: newsContent */
/* ============================================================== */
create table newsContent (
                            ID           int              identity( 1, 1)   primary key,
                           Title          nvarchar( 50)     not null,
                           Content       ntext            not null,
                           AddDate      datetime         not null,
                           CategoryID    int              not null
)
go

 

二、项目文件架构

实现步骤为：4-3-6-5-2-1

ID	项目	描述	用途	项目引用关系	实例所需文件	相关方法
1	Web	表现层	Web页和控件	引用BLL	WebUI.aspx WebUI.aspx.cs	GetContent()
2	BLL	业务逻辑层	业务逻辑组件	引用 IDAL，Model，使用DALFactory创建实例	Content.cs	ContentInfo GetContentInfo(int id)
3	IDAL	数据访问层接口定义	每个DAL实现都要实现的一组接口	引用 Model	IContent.cs	ContentInfo GetContentInfo(int id)
4	Model	业务实体	传递各种数据的容器	无引用	ContentInfo.cs
5	DALFactory	数据层的抽象工厂	创建反射，用来确定加载哪一个数据库访问程序集的类	引用IDAL，通过读取web.config里设置的程序集，加载类的实例，返回给BLL使用。	Content.cs	IDAL.Icontent create()
6	SQLServerDAL	SQLServer数据访问层	Microsoft SQL Server特定的Pet Shop DAL实现，使用了IDAL接口	引用 Model和IDAL，被DALFactory加载的程序集，实现接口里的方法。	SqlHelper.cs Content.cs	SqlDataReader ExecuteReader() PrepareCommand() ContentInfo GetContentInfo(int id)
	OracleDAL	Oracle数据访问层
7	DBUtility	数据库访问组件基础类	GetSqlServerConnectionString得到数据库连接字符串，也可省去该项目，在SQLServerDAL.SqlHelper中用static readonly string SqlConnectionString代替。	无引用

实现步骤过程

1、创建Model，实现业务实体。

2、创建IDAL，实现接口。

3、创建SQLServerDAL，实现接口里的方法。

4、增加web.config里的配置信息，为SQLServerDAL的程序集。

5、创建DALFactory，返回程序集的指定类的实例。

6、创建BLL，调用DALFactory，得到程序集指定类的实例，完成数据操作方法。

7、创建WEB，调用BLL里的数据操作方法。

注意：

1、web.config里的程序集名称必须与SQLServerDAL里的输出程序集名称一致。

2、DALFactory里只需要一个DataAccess类，可以完成创建所有的程序集实例。

3、项目创建后，注意修改各项目的默认命名空间和程序集名称。

4、注意修改解决方案里的项目依赖。

5、注意在解决方案里增加各项目引用。

 

三、各层间的访问过程

1、传入值，将值进行类型转换(为整型)。

2、创建BLL层的content.cs对象c，通过对象c访问BLL层的方法GetContentInfo(ID)调用BLL层。

3、BLL层方法GetContentInfo(ID)中取得数据访问层SQLServerDAL的实例,实例化IDAL层的接口对象dal，这个对象是由工厂层DALFactory创建的，然后返回IDAL层传入值所查找的内容的方法dal.GetContentInfo(id)。

4、数据工厂通过web.config配置文件中给定的webdal字串访问SQLServerDAL层，返回一个完整的调用SQLServerDAL层的路径给 BLL层。

5、到此要调用SQLServerDAL层，SQLServerDAL层完成赋值Model层的对象值为空，给定一个参数，调用SQLServerDAL层的SqlHelper的ExecuteReader方法,读出每个字段的数据赋值给以定义为空的Model层的对象。

6、SqlHelper执行sql命令，返回一个指定连接的数据库记录集，在这里需要引用参数类型，提供为打开连接命令执行做好准备PrepareCommand。

7、返回Model层把查询得到的一行记录值赋值给SQLServerDAL层的引入的Model层的对象ci，然后把这个对象返回给BLL。

8、回到Web层的BLL层的方法调用,把得到的对象值赋值给Lable标签，在前台显示给界面

四、项目中的文件清单

1、DBUtility项目

(1)connectionInfo.cs

using System;
using System.Configuration;

namespace Utility
{
       /// <summary>
       /// ConnectionInfo 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class ConnectionInfo
       {
              public static string GetSqlServerConnectionString()
              {
                     return ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings[ " SQLConnString "];
              }
       }
}

2、SQLServerDAL项目

（1）SqlHelper.cs抽象类

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using DBUtility;

namespace SQLServerDAL
{
       /// <summary>
       /// SqlHelper 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public abstract class SqlHelper
       {
              public static readonly string CONN_STR = ConnectionInfo.GetSqlServerConnectionString();

              /// <summary>
              /// 用提供的函数，执行SQL命令，返回一个从指定连接的数据库记录集
              /// </summary>
              /// <remarks>
              /// 例如：
              /// SqlDataReader r = ExecuteReader(connString, CommandType.StoredProcedure, "PublishOrders", new SqlParameter("@prodid", 24));
              /// </remarks>
              /// <param name="connectionString"> SqlConnection有效的SQL连接字符串 </param>
              /// <param name="commandType"> CommandType：CommandType.Text、CommandType.StoredProcedure </param>
              /// <param name="commandText"> SQL语句或存储过程 </param>
              /// <param name="commandParameters"> SqlParameter[]参数数组 </param>
              /// <returns> SqlDataReader：执行结果的记录集 </returns>
              public static SqlDataReader ExecuteReader( string connString, CommandType cmdType, string cmdText, params SqlParameter[] cmdParms)
              {
                     SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
                     SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connString);

                     // 我们在这里用 try/catch 是因为如果这个方法抛出异常，我们目的是关闭数据库连接，再抛出异常，
                     // 因为这时不会有DataReader存在，此后commandBehaviour.CloseConnection将不会工作。
                     try
                     {
                            PrepareCommand(cmd, conn, null, cmdType, cmdText, cmdParms);
                            SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.CloseConnection);
                            cmd.Parameters.Clear();
                            return rdr;
                     }
                     catch
                     {
                            conn.Close();
                            throw;
                     }
              }


              /// <summary>
              /// 为执行命令做好准备：打开数据库连接，命令语句，设置命令类型（SQL语句或存储过程），函数语取。
              /// </summary>
              /// <param name="cmd"> SqlCommand 组件 </param>
              /// <param name="conn"> SqlConnection 组件 </param>
              /// <param name="trans"> SqlTransaction 组件，可以为null </param>
              /// <param name="cmdType"> 语句类型：CommandType.Text、CommandType.StoredProcedure </param>
              /// <param name="cmdText"> SQL语句，可以为存储过程 </param>
              /// <param name="cmdParms"> SQL参数数组 </param>
              private static void PrepareCommand(SqlCommand cmd, SqlConnection conn, SqlTransaction trans, CommandType cmdType, string cmdText, SqlParameter[] cmdParms)
              {

                     if (conn.State != ConnectionState.Open)
                            conn.Open();

                     cmd.Connection = conn;
                     cmd.CommandText = cmdText;

                     if (trans != null)
                            cmd.Transaction = trans;

                     cmd.CommandType = cmdType;

                     if (cmdParms != null)
                     {
                            foreach (SqlParameter parm in cmdParms)
                                   cmd.Parameters.Add(parm);
                     }
              }
       }
}

（2）Content.cs类

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using Model;
using IDAL;

namespace SQLServerDAL
{
       /// <summary>
       /// Content 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class Content:IContent
       {

              private const string PARM_ID = " @ID ";
              private const string SQL_SELECT_CONTENT = " Select ID, Title, Content, AddDate, CategoryID From newsContent Where ID = @ID ";


              public ContentInfo GetContentInfo( int id)
              {
                     // 创意文章内容类
                     ContentInfo ci = null;

                     // 创建一个参数
                     SqlParameter parm = new SqlParameter(PARM_ID, SqlDbType.BigInt, 8);
                     // 赋上ID值
                     parm.Value = id;

                     using(SqlDataReader sdr = SqlHelper.ExecuteReader(SqlHelper.CONN_STR, CommandType.Text, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT, parm))
                     {
                            if(sdr.Read())
                            {
                                   ci = new ContentInfo(sdr.GetInt32( 0),sdr.GetString( 1), sdr.GetString( 2),
                                          sdr.GetDateTime( 3), sdr.GetInt32( 4), sdr.GetInt32( 5), sdr.GetString( 6));
                            }
                     }
                     return ci;
              }
       }
}

3、Model项目

（1）contentInfo.cs

using System;

namespace Model
{
       /// <summary>
       /// Class1 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class ContentInfo
       {
              private int _ID;
              private string _Content;
              private string _Title;
              private string _From;
              private DateTime _AddDate;
              private int _clsID;
              private int _tmpID;

              /// <summary>
              /// 文章内容构造函数
              /// </summary>
              /// <param name="id"> 文章流水号ID </param>
              /// <param name="content"> 文章内容 </param>
              /// <param name="title"> 文章标题 </param>
              /// <param name="from"> 文章来源 </param>
              /// <param name="clsid"> 文章的分类属性ID </param>
              /// <param name="tmpid"> 文章的模板属性ID </param>
              public ContentInfo( int id, string title, string content, string from,DateTime addDate, int clsid, int tmpid )
              {
                     this._ID = id;
                     this._Content = content;
                     this._Title = title;
                     this._From = from;
                     this._AddDate = addDate;
                     this._clsID = clsid;
                     this._tmpID = tmpid;
              }


              // 属性
              public int ID
              {
                     get   { return _ID; }
              }
              public string Content
              {
                     get   { return _Content; }
              }
              public string Title
              {
                     get   { return _Title; }
              }
              public string From
              {
                     get   { return _From; }
              }
              public DateTime AddDate
              {
                     get   { return _AddDate; }
              }
              public int ClsID
              {
                     get   { return _clsID; }
              }
              public int TmpID
              {
                     get   { return _tmpID; }
              }



       }
}

4、IDAL项目

（1）Icontent.cs

using System;
using Model;

namespace IDAL
{
       /// <summary>
       /// 文章内容操作接口
       /// </summary>
       public interface IContent
       {
              /// <summary>
              /// 取得文章的内容。
              /// </summary>
              /// <param name="id"> 文章的ID </param>
              /// <returns></returns>
              ContentInfo GetContentInfo( int id);
       }
}

5、DALFactory项目

（1）Content.cs

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Configuration;
using IDAL;

namespace DALFactory
{
       /// <summary>
       /// 工产模式实现文章接口。
       /// </summary>
       public class Content
       {
              public static IDAL.IContent Create()
              {
                     // 这里可以查看 DAL 接口类。
                     string path = System.Configuration.ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings[ " WebDAL "].ToString();
                     string className = path+ " .Content ";
                   
                     // 用配置文件指定的类组合
                     return (IDAL.IContent)Assembly.Load(path).CreateInstance(className);
              }
       }
}

6、BLL项目

（1）Content.cs

using System;

using Model;
using IDAL;

namespace BLL
{
       /// <summary>
       /// Content 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class Content
       {

              public ContentInfo GetContentInfo( int id)
              {

                     // 取得从数据访问层取得一个文章内容实例
                     IContent dal = DALFactory.Content.Create();

                     // 用DAL查找文章内容
                     return dal.GetContentInfo(id);
              }
       }
}

7、Web项目

1、Web.config：

  <appSettings> 

<add key="SQLConnString" value="Data Source=localhost;Persist Security info=True;Initial Catalog=newsDB;User ID=sa;Password= " />
    <add key="WebDAL" value="SQLServerDAL" />  
</appSettings>

2、WebUI.aspx

<%@ Page language= " c# " Codebehind= " WebUI.aspx.cs " AutoEventWireup= " false " Inherits= " Web.WebUI " %>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC " -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN " >
<HTML>
       <HEAD>
              <title>WebUI</title>
              <meta name= " GENERATOR " Content= " Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 7.1 ">
              <meta name= " CODE_LANGUAGE " Content= " C# ">
              <meta name= " vs_defaultClientScript " content= " JavaScript ">
              <meta name= " vs_targetSchema " content= " http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5 ">
       </HEAD>
       <body MS_POSITIONING= " GridLayout ">
              <form id= " Form1 " method= " post " runat= " server ">
                     <FONT " >宋体 "></FONT>
                     <table width= " 600 " border= " 1 ">
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;
                                          <asp:Label id= " lblTitle " runat= " server "></asp:Label></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px; HEIGHT: 22px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td style= " HEIGHT: 22px ">&nbsp;
                                          <asp:Label id= " lblDataTime " runat= " server "></asp:Label></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;
                                          <asp:Label id= " lblContent " runat= " server "></asp:Label></td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px; HEIGHT: 23px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td style= " HEIGHT: 23px ">&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr>
                                   <td style= " WIDTH: 173px ">&nbsp;</td>
                                   <td>&nbsp;
                                          <asp:Label id= " lblMsg " runat= " server ">Label</asp:Label></td>
                            </tr>
                     </table>
              </form>
       </body>
</HTML>

3、WebUI.aspx.cs后台调用显示：

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.SessionState;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;

using BLL;
using Model;

namespace myWeb
{
       /// <summary>
       /// WebForm1 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class WebUI : System.Web.UI.Page
       {
              protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label lblTitle;
              protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label lblDataTime;
              protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label lblContent;
              protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label lblMsg;

              private ContentInfo ci ;


              private void Page_Load( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
              {
                     if(!Page.IsPostBack)
                     {
                            GetContent( " 1 ");
                     }
              }

              private void GetContent( string id)
              {
                     int ID = WebComponents.CleanString.GetInt(id);
            
                     Content c = new Content();
                     ci = c.GetContentInfo(ID);
                     if(ci!= null)
                     {
                            this.lblTitle.Text = ci.Title;
                            this.lblDataTime.Text = ci.AddDate.ToString( " yyyy-MM-dd ");
                            this.lblContent.Text = ci.Content;
                     }
                     else
                     {
                            this.lblMsg.Text = " 没有找到这篇文章 ";
                     }
              }

              #region Web 窗体设计器生成的代码
              override protected void OnInit(EventArgs e)
              {
                     //
                     // CODEGEN: 该调用是 ASP.NET Web 窗体设计器所必需的。
                     //
                     InitializeComponent();
                     base.OnInit(e);
              }
            
              /// <summary>
              /// 设计器支持所需的方法 - 不要使用代码编辑器修改
              /// 此方法的内容。
              /// </summary>
              private void InitializeComponent()
              {  
                     this.Load += new System.EventHandler( this.Page_Load);

              }
              #endregion
       }
}

4、WebComponents项目

（1）CleanString.cs

using System;
using System.Text;

namespace myWeb.WebComponents
{
       /// <summary>
       /// CleanString 的摘要说明。
       /// </summary>
       public class CleanString
       {

              public static int GetInt( string inputString)
              {
                     try
                     {
                            return Convert.ToInt32(inputString);
                     }
                     catch
                     {
                            return 0;
                     }

              }


              public static string InputText( string inputString, int maxLength)
              {
                     StringBuilder retVal = new StringBuilder();

                     // check incoming parameters for null or blank string
                     if ((inputString != null) && (inputString != String.Empty))
                     {
                            inputString = inputString.Trim();

                            // chop the string incase the client-side max length
                            // fields are bypassed to prevent buffer over-runs
                            if (inputString.Length > maxLength)
                                   inputString = inputString.Substring( 0, maxLength);

                            // convert some harmful symbols incase the regular
                            // expression validators are changed
                            for ( int i = 0; i < inputString.Length; i++)
                            {
                                   switch (inputString[i])
                                   {
                                          case ' " ':
                                                 retVal.Append( " &quot; ");
                                                 break;
                                          case ' < ':
                                                 retVal.Append( " &lt; ");
                                                 break;
                                          case ' > ':
                                                 retVal.Append( " &gt; ");
                                                 break;
                                          default:
                                                 retVal.Append(inputString[i]);
                                                 break;
                                   }
                            }

                            // Replace single quotes with white space
                            retVal.Replace( " ' ", " ");
                     }

                     return retVal.ToString();
                   
              }
              
       }
}